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%%Title
{\leftskip=0pt plus 1fil \rightskip=0pt plus 1fil %center all items in list
  \hbox{\xref{\vbox{{\centerline{Nigeria (GTMUN 2019)}
  \par\centerline{Background Guides}
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  \leavevmode\centerline{\pdfximage width .8\hsize{model-un/nigeria-flag.png}\pdfrefximage\pdflastximage}}}}{http://www.gtmun.gatech.edu/gtmun-2019-committees-topics/}}
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%%Content

Generally Helpful Links:
\site CIA Factbook---Basic Facts and Statistics with a slight Western bias@{https://cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html}
  \detail{95\% of exports are petroleum and petroleum products by value}
  \detail{$853km$ of coastline}
  \detail{Median age is 18.3 years}
  \detail{36,810 Cameroonian refugees}
\site Nigeria's Ministry of Foreign Affairs---Firsthand information about recent events and foreign policies affecting Nigeria (loads slowly)@{https://foreignaffairs.gov.ng}

International Organizations and Treaties:
\info{Member of the \href{African Union (AU)}{https://foreignaffairs.gov.ng/africa/}}
\info{Member of the \href{Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)}{https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/167.htm}---Petroleum production statistics}
\info{Member of \href{Non-Aligned Movement}{https://foreignaffairs.gov.ng/nigeria-the-non-aligned-movement-nam-relations/}, United Nations, and World Trade Organization}
\info{Member of \href{OIC}{https://www.oic-oci.org/} and \href{Economic Community of West African States}{https://www.ecowas.int}}
  \reading Food Security Bulletin (Regional and National Food Reserves)@{https://www.ecowas.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Information\_Bulletin-N5-6.pdf}
\sitex Full list of treaties at Wikipedia@{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Nigeria}

Maritime Laws:
\site ICC Int'l Maritime Bureau 2019 Update (Piracy)---Nigerian incidents are down from last year 22 incidents per quarter to 14@{https://iccwbo.org/media-wall/news-speeches/maritime-piracy-incidents-q1-2019-kidnapping-risk-gulf-guinea-persists/}
\site Overview of Law of the Sea---Certain rights to offshore territory, exclusive economic zones, and continental shelf rights are preserved, but other UN bodies govern global assets such as international waters and marine environments@{https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/oceans-and-law-sea/}
  

Poverty and Development:
\site Member of the D8 Commission---a primarily Muslim economic cooperative of 8 nations@{https://developing8.org}
\site World Bank Data---53\% of Nigerians make \$1.90 per day@{http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/NGA}
\sitex Chemical Attacks Overview@{https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/prep_chemical_fact_sheet.pdf}
  \reading Specific Means of Aid@{https://sswm.info/arctic-wash/module-4-technology/further-resources-water-sources/water-source-protection}
  \reading WHO Water Sanitation Guidelines@{https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/en/}
  \reading Nigeria approves Chemical Weapons Bill@{https://www.nti.org/gsn/article/nigeria-approves-chemical-weapons-bill/}
\sitex Nigeria's Women's Education@{https://www.unicef.org/wcaro/WCARO_Nigeria_Factsheets_GirlsEducation.pdf}
  \detail{Girls are enrolled half to a third as much as boys, meaning that only 20\% of women can read in parts of the country}
  \detail{Insurgency, food insecurity, and the belief that girls' education is less important contribute to low enrollment}
\site Nigerian Education (UN)---free and mandatory for children but schools charge unoffical fees@{https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/education}

Water Security:
\sitex World Bank Overview of Water Insecurity@{https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/waterresourcesmanagement}
\site Water Aid UK---59 million Nigerians without clean water; 123 million without sanitary toilet@{https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/nigeria}
\site Africa Environmental Pollution---Nigeria deals with numerous pollutants@{https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10668-016-9894-4}
  \detail{Regional Pollution is carried long distance by Sahara, including coal burning and gold mining}
  \detail{Oil spills and improper industrial and domestic waste disposal harm Nigerian water quality}
  \detail{Soil/air pollution easily enters water which isn't sanitized on consumption, introducing heavy metals}
\sitex Paper: Threats to Nigerian Water Resources Development@{https://www.longdom.org/open-access/threats-to-water-resources-development-in-nigeria-2329-6755-1000205.pdf}
\sitex Article: Potential Water Access Solutions (World Water Reserve)@{https://worldwaterreserve.com/water-crisis/water-scarcity-solutions-for-the-21st-century/}
  \reading Circle of Blue@{https://www.circleofblue.org/2010/world/experts-name-the-top-19-solutions-to-the-global-freshwater-crisis/}
  \reading Nigeria isn't providing adequate protections against industrial pollution (``Nigeria is Wasting its Rich Water Resources'') and waste leakage@{https://theconversation.com/how-nigeria-is-wasting-its-rich-water-resources-83110}
    \desc{Cheap solutions are key for West African nations}
    \desc{Most water isn't sanitary, but rivers and other unsanitized sources are plentiful}

Chinese Trade and Oil:
\sitex China-Nigeria Trade at \$12.6 billion@{https://punchng.com/china-nigeria-bilateral-trade-hits-12-3bn/}
  \detail{Nigeria is China's biggest African investment and trading partner because of oil}
\site Wikipedia Overview of China-Nigeria Relations---Mostly out of date@{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China\%E2\%80\%93Nigeria_relations}
\site Statistics and Basic Overview of Conflict---China has increased military aggression in South China Sea, in an effort to control resources, trade, and foreign militaries' use of the area@{https://www.cfr.org/interactive/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/territorial-disputes-south-china-sea}
  \detail{Trillions of dollars in trade travel through South China Sea, and massive oil and gas reserves are under seabed}
  \detail{The US has started Freedom of Navigation operations (protecting sovereign ships from foreign Chinese interference)}
  \reading New York Times article specifically on islands@{https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/30/world/asia/what-china-has-been-building-in-the-south-china-sea.html}
  \reading An article from a source closer to China@{https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/article/2186449/explained-south-china-sea-dispute}
  \detail{China's influence is overreaching into Vietnamese, Filipino, and Taiwanese sovereign territories}

Nuclear Nonproliferation
\info{Nigeria is a non-nuclear state}
\info{Nigeria is somewhat protected by its bilateral trade with China, a nuclear power}
\info{Further Reading:}
  \reading Nuclear disarmament, arms control and nonproliferation (Stockholm Int'l Peace Research Institute)@{https://www.sipri.org/research/armament-and-disarmament/nuclear-disarmament-arms-control-and-non-proliferation}
  \reading Paper: Promoting Nuclear Disarmament and Non-prolifer\-ation in Parallel@{https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-57366-2_31}
  \reading Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (UNODA)@{https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/}

Government and Legal

\site After Elections, Important Questions Remain for Nigerian Democracy---Nigerian elections are rife with logistical and legal issues, damaging election credibility somewhat@{https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/after-elections-important-questions-remain-nigeria-s-democracy}
  \reading General UN election governance and electoral assistance@{https://dppa.un.org/en/elections}
\site 1.4\% of adults 15--49 are HIV positive in Nigeria---The HIV/AIDS epidemic is incumbent upon Nigeria's healthcare services@{https://nigeriahealthwatch.com/results-of-naiis-the-largest-hiv-survey-ever-done-are-in-nigeria-not-doing-as-badly-as-we-thought/#.XIxS7xNKhTZ}
\site US-Native American relations and UN rights for indig\-enous peoples---Nigeria mostly doesn't have this problem because the population is majority indigenous@{https://indianlaw.org/content/treaty-rights-and-un-declaration-rights-indigenous-peoples}
\site Nigeria Regional Refugee Response Plan 2016---Nigeria has a refugee crisis with Cameroon@{http://reporting.unhcr.org/node/12587}
\site UNHCR guide to int'l refugee protection and state asylum---extremely long, so use Table of Contents liberally@{https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/publications/legal/3d4aba564/refugee-protection-guide-international-refugee-law-handbook-parliamentarians.html}
  \reading Shorter overview of refugee definition@{https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/publications/brochures/3b779dfe2/protecting-refugees-questions-answers.html}
  \detail{Asylum is not internationally defined, so there are no set international laws}
  \detail{Refugees have a right to safe asylum}
  \detail{Asylum-seekers become refugees when accepted by a country after the long, complicated process of seeking asylum due to well-founded fear}

Economic Interests:
\info{Nigeria has significant bilateral trade with China and the United States---primarily exporting oil throughout the world}
\info{The newer Northern Sea Routes are extremely helpful in easing trade globally. Further Reading:}
  \reading Paper: Economic Possibilities of Shipping through Northern Sea Route@{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2092521214000601}
  \reading Why the Northern Sea Route is Still of Limited Importance (The Arctic Institute)@{https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/northern-sea-route-limited-geo-economic-importance/}
  \reading Paper: A Study on the Northern Sea Route and its Economic Feasibility@{https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9b39/9a7f958db696f1440a9df497c92816df2a58.pdf}
  \reading The Economist@{https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/09/24/what-is-the-northern-sea-route}
\sitex Counterfeit Deterrence Measures@{https://www.nap.edu/read/2267/chapter/7}
\sitex Nigerian anti-counterfeiting measures@{https://www.worldtrademarkreview.com/anti-counterfeiting/procedures-and-strategies-anti-counterfeiting-nigeria-0}
  \detail{Economic and Financial Crime Commission protects against fraud somewhat, but overall protection is weak}

\bye