From afc5d9815903c581e47d803fbc6aec9dd2c763b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Holden Rohrer Date: Tue, 6 Oct 2020 22:12:45 -0400 Subject: moved the periods for paren cites --- markley/essaytwo.tex | 22 +++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/markley/essaytwo.tex b/markley/essaytwo.tex index ba955cb..b6e433c 100644 --- a/markley/essaytwo.tex +++ b/markley/essaytwo.tex @@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ aligned with their contemporary cultures' rules and regulations. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, ``scientific rigor'' became one of these cultural ideals for discerning a remedy's effectiveness. Scientific rigor is characterized by the experiment, defined by Claude -Bernard as ``an observation induced with an object of control.'' -\autocite[55]{Apartheid} +Bernard as ``an observation induced with an object of control'' +\autocite[55]{Apartheid}. In medicine, this ``object of control'' is typically a human or animal subject, which gives the experiment ethical weight. This opposes the standard idea of an experiment from other fields where @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ The fictional Dr.~Moreau is a hyperbolic vivisector, a physician who performs experiments and surgeries on live animals, often without anesthaesia. %cite definition? Because of how horrifying his research was, Moreau ``had to leave -England.'' \autocite[39]{Moreau} +England'' \autocite[39]{Moreau}. A ``gruesome pamphlet'' and a ``wretched dog, flayed and otherwise mutilated, escaped from Moreau's house'' \autocite[39]{Moreau} conspired to take down his career. @@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ especially highly. But Wells establishes further the experimenter's singular focus: ``he might perhaps have purchased his social peace\dots but he apparently preferred [his investigations], as most men would who have -once fallen under the overmastering spell of research.'' -\autocite[40]{Moreau} +once fallen under the overmastering spell of research'' +\autocite[40]{Moreau}. As Wells elaborates, there isn't an exact moral failing of the researcher but rather the belief that research supercedes the health of the ``object'' \autocite[55]{Apartheid} being studied. @@ -82,14 +82,14 @@ But, Washington stresses, exploiting African-Americans was mostly socially acceptable, but this practice continues far past antebellum. Medical mores, however, lag due to opportunism: ``African Americans were without legal protections and thus unable to hamper physician's -activities.'' \autocite[57]{Apartheid} +activities'' \autocite[57]{Apartheid}. The dehumanization that physicians promoted argues that ``blacks were so different from whites---less intelligent, much less sensitive to -pain\dots as to constitute a different species.'' -\autocite[74]{Apartheid} +pain\dots as to constitute a different species'' +\autocite[74]{Apartheid}. Physicians don't just practice callous experiment, but they hide it when they're aware of its violation of social rules: ``once up in the North, -[Sims] hid the ethnicity of his subjects.'' \autocite[67]{Apartheid} +[Sims] hid the ethnicity of his subjects'' \autocite[67]{Apartheid}. With Moreau, Sims, despite not being cast out, predates those without power for expediency's sake. These nontherapeutic experiments and the attitudes that bolster them @@ -108,11 +108,11 @@ basal and inhuman---that not experiencing pain is superhuman. goad [pain] to keep them out of danger,'' \autocite[92]{Moreau} Moreau claims, trying to expedite even moral and health concerns because he really believes in his study at all cost. He reveals his true end by -saying ``I have never troubled about the ethics.'' \autocite[93]{Moreau} +saying ``I have never troubled about the ethics'' \autocite[93]{Moreau}. The experimenter is an archetype often treated as a deranged and entirely detached ``Dr. Frankenstein,'' but expediency and flouting of health is much more common, even for ``overachieving adepts with -sterling reputations.'' \autocite[13]{Apartheid} +sterling reputations'' \autocite[13]{Apartheid}. Moreau hyperbolizes experimenters' attitudes, but his motivations and arguments do not differ greatly from his socially-accepted contemporaries. -- cgit