From fbba7eccd42c5542f2eb66e6ac1538a87506e844 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Holden Rohrer Date: Sun, 22 Nov 2020 17:09:57 -0500 Subject: Wrote a bibliography Plus a minor fixup on proposal.tex --- markley/Makefile | 7 ++- markley/biblio.tex | 136 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ markley/proposal.tex | 1 - 3 files changed, 141 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) create mode 100644 markley/biblio.tex diff --git a/markley/Makefile b/markley/Makefile index e2e903b..5b8256c 100644 --- a/markley/Makefile +++ b/markley/Makefile @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ .POSIX: -all: essayone.pdf essaytwo.pdf essaythree.pdf proposal.pdf +all: essayone.pdf essaytwo.pdf essaythree.pdf proposal.pdf biblio.pdf %.pdf: %.tex %.bib pdflatex $*.tex @@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ all: essayone.pdf essaytwo.pdf essaythree.pdf proposal.pdf proposal.pdf: proposal.tex pdflatex proposal.tex +biblio.pdf: biblio.tex + pdflatex biblio.tex + clean: rm -f essay{one,two,three}{-blx.bib,.{aux,bbl,bcf,blg,log,out,pdf,run.xml}} \ - proposal.{log,pdf,aux,out} + {biblio,proposal}.{log,pdf,aux,out} diff --git a/markley/biblio.tex b/markley/biblio.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6537e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/markley/biblio.tex @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +\documentclass[12pt]{article} +\usepackage[letterpaper,headheight=15pt]{geometry} +\geometry{top=1.0in, bottom=1.0in, left=1.0in, right=1.0in} +\usepackage{setspace} +\doublespacing +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{fancyhdr} +\pagestyle{fancy} +\rhead{Rohrer \thepage} +\cfoot{} +\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} +\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} +\setlength{\headsep}{0.5in}%top of page to bottom of header +\addtolength{\headsep}{-12pt}%max height of header +\newcommand\optskip[1]{\def\tmp{#1}\def\rel{\relax}\ifx\tmp\rel +\let\next\relax\else#1\discretionary{}{}{}\let\next\optskip\fi\next} +\newcommand\link[1]{\optskip #1\relax} +\renewcommand\cite[1]{{\hangindent\parindent\parindent0pt\leftskip0pt #1\par}} +\begin{document} +{\parindent0pt\obeylines +Holden Rohrer +Markley +English Composition II +8 Nov 2020 +} +\centerline{\large\bfseries Annotated Bibliography} +\leftskip=2\parindent + +\cite{Hilgenfeld, Rolf et al. ``The evolution of insulin glargine and +its continuing contribution to diabetes care.'' {\itshape Drugs} vol. +74,8 (2014): 911-27. \link{doi:10.1007/s40265-014-0226-4}} + +This article lists the various innovations that allowed insulin glargine +to eventually be developed. +It emphasizes the number of trials that were made in the area of +recombinant DNA production of insulin, and structural biology around +lengthening absorption time, which I want to include directly in my +narrative. +It is pretty uniquely comprehensive, and its heavy reliance on medical +rather than historical evidence is useful. +I want to talk accurately about what the drugs do and how they work, +like how NPH is very different from insulin glargine in manufacturing. +The specific timeline for these innovations is useful in framing more +general policy changes, (of monopolies or Medicare, for example) but +patents and funding are de-emphasized in this article. +One interesting data point is that insulin glargine is exactly three +amino acid changes, out of 51, a discovery worthy of patent. +This source is very well-sourced and behind the paywall, (PubMed) so I +consider it high-quality. + +\cite{Herkert, Darby, et al. ``Cost-Related Insulin Underuse Among +Patients With Diabetes.'' {\itshape JAMA Internal Medicine}, vol. 179, +no. 1, Jan. 2019, pp. 112–14, +\link{doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5008.}} + +The authors examined a group of adults with diabetes' responses to a +survey about cost-based underuse and the measurable health outcome of +It found a strong correlation between lower incomes and patients saying +they tried to stretch or waited to use insulin. +This underuse, in turn, correlated with worse health outcomes: their +blood sugar levels were worse controlled. +Because it focuses on financial struggles and insulin, it's very +relevant to my video, demonstrating both a material need (for lower-cost +insulin) and a real medical harm that's being done by not providing +enough. +This study uses a survey of patients and a blood glucose test as its +source data, on a probably representative population of people with +diabetes. +The authors found 25\% of survey recipients sometimes stretched or +avoided using insulin because of cost concerns. + +\cite{Shuchman, Miriam, M.D. ``Delaying Generic Competition - Corporate +Payoffs and the Future of Plavix.'' {\itshape The New England Journal of +Medicine,} vol. 355, no. 13, 2006, pp. 1297-300. ProQuest, +\link{https://go.openathens.net/redirector/gatech.edu?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/223927797?accountid=11107.}} + +This article is about the genericization of a non-insulin drug made and +marketed by Sanofi and Bristol-Myers in 2006. +These two paid off a generics manufacturer in the millions, a so-called +``pay-for-delay'' scheme. +The article directly challenges the legitimacy of these companies' +actions, and even though it's in a medical journal, uses court cases, +senators' statements, and quotes as evidence. +I want to talk about this kind of market manipulation in general, like +payoffs, evergreening (repeatedly patenting different parts of a drug), +and strong lobbying interests. +Generics are going to be central to my video, and this is one of the +reasons they're unavailable. +Combined with newer evidence, like from the FTC, this article proves +anti-consumer damages of these schemes and a failure to regulate. + +\cite{Gotham, Dzintars et al. ``Production costs and potential prices +for biosimilars of human insulin and insulin analogues.'' {\itshape BMJ +global health} vol. 3,5 e000850. 25 Sep. 2018, +\link{doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000850}} + +This article determines the price for a company to mass-produce +insulins, including insulin glargine: using very conservative +assumptions, only \$7.38 per vial or \$108 per year. +At the time of its publication, companies charged over \$87 per vial in +the US and \$36--40 in its industrial peer nations. +The article includes largely original calculations from a methodology +used in an HIV medicines study and sources its basic prices for bulk +active pharmaceutical ingredient directly. +This analysis is useful for my argument because significantly reduced +prices would be feasible according to this model. +I also want to talk about the different insulin prices in different +countries in my video. +There is a very large difference in the market, which entirely comes +down to ``ability to pay.'' +Given that which nation insulin is being sold in has such strong bearing +on market pricing, the pricing clearly isn't inflexible for companies, +and policy changes will probably be impactful. + +\cite{Fuglestein Biniek, John, and William Johnson. ``Spending on +Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes and the Role of Rapidly Increasing +Insulin Prices.'' {\itshape Health Cost Institute,} +\link{https://healthcostinstitute.org/diabetes-and-insulin/spending-on-individuals-with-type-1-diabetes-and-the-role-of-rapidly-increasing-insulin-prices.}} + +This is a brief on the rapidly rising cost of insulin products in 2012 +to 2016. +Lantus, Sanofi's brand of insulin glargine, rose by 98\%, and the +average diabetic spent \$5,700 on insulin alone and more than +\$12,800 on other care in 2016. +These prices are only for people with employer-sponsored health +insurance, and this study doesn't account for rebates on drugs. +The year this study came out is also somewhat limiting, but the trends +plus contemporary cost data on Lantus will give a useful trend and an +alarming problem---\$20,000 is excessive just to stay alive. +The study, however, checks some contingencies to determine that the +increase in payments from diabetics is in fact because of corporations +raising prices. +The number of units patients take has stayed roughly the same, and even +if significant rebates were available, insulin prices have still hiked. + +\end{document} diff --git a/markley/proposal.tex b/markley/proposal.tex index 6b767c5..6224621 100644 --- a/markley/proposal.tex +++ b/markley/proposal.tex @@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ \geometry{top=1.0in, bottom=1.0in, left=1.0in, right=1.0in} \usepackage{setspace} \doublespacing -\parskip=0pt plus 2pt minus 2pt \usepackage{times} \usepackage{fancyhdr} \pagestyle{fancy} -- cgit