From fbba7eccd42c5542f2eb66e6ac1538a87506e844 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Holden Rohrer <hr@hrhr.dev>
Date: Sun, 22 Nov 2020 17:09:57 -0500
Subject: Wrote a bibliography

Plus a minor fixup on proposal.tex
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 markley/biblio.tex | 136 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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+\documentclass[12pt]{article}
+\usepackage[letterpaper,headheight=15pt]{geometry}
+\geometry{top=1.0in, bottom=1.0in, left=1.0in, right=1.0in}
+\usepackage{setspace}
+\doublespacing
+\usepackage{times}
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
+\pagestyle{fancy}
+\rhead{Rohrer \thepage}
+\cfoot{}
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
+\setlength{\headsep}{0.5in}%top of page to bottom of header
+\addtolength{\headsep}{-12pt}%max height of header
+\newcommand\optskip[1]{\def\tmp{#1}\def\rel{\relax}\ifx\tmp\rel
+\let\next\relax\else#1\discretionary{}{}{}\let\next\optskip\fi\next}
+\newcommand\link[1]{\optskip #1\relax}
+\renewcommand\cite[1]{{\hangindent\parindent\parindent0pt\leftskip0pt #1\par}}
+\begin{document}
+{\parindent0pt\obeylines
+Holden Rohrer
+Markley
+English Composition II
+8 Nov 2020
+}
+\centerline{\large\bfseries Annotated Bibliography}
+\leftskip=2\parindent
+
+\cite{Hilgenfeld, Rolf et al. ``The evolution of insulin glargine and
+its continuing contribution to diabetes care.'' {\itshape Drugs} vol.
+74,8 (2014): 911-27. \link{doi:10.1007/s40265-014-0226-4}}
+
+This article lists the various innovations that allowed insulin glargine
+to eventually be developed.
+It emphasizes the number of trials that were made in the area of
+recombinant DNA production of insulin, and structural biology around
+lengthening absorption time, which I want to include directly in my
+narrative.
+It is pretty uniquely comprehensive, and its heavy reliance on medical
+rather than historical evidence is useful.
+I want to talk accurately about what the drugs do and how they work,
+like how NPH is very different from insulin glargine in manufacturing.
+The specific timeline for these innovations is useful in framing more
+general policy changes, (of monopolies or Medicare, for example) but
+patents and funding are de-emphasized in this article.
+One interesting data point is that insulin glargine is exactly three
+amino acid changes, out of 51, a discovery worthy of patent.
+This source is very well-sourced and behind the paywall, (PubMed) so I
+consider it high-quality.
+
+\cite{Herkert, Darby, et al. ``Cost-Related Insulin Underuse Among
+Patients With Diabetes.'' {\itshape JAMA Internal Medicine}, vol. 179,
+no. 1, Jan. 2019, pp. 112–14,
+\link{doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5008.}}
+
+The authors examined a group of adults with diabetes' responses to a
+survey about cost-based underuse and the measurable health outcome of 
+It found a strong correlation between lower incomes and patients saying
+they tried to stretch or waited to use insulin.
+This underuse, in turn, correlated with worse health outcomes: their
+blood sugar levels were worse controlled.
+Because it focuses on financial struggles and insulin, it's very
+relevant to my video, demonstrating both a material need (for lower-cost
+insulin) and a real medical harm that's being done by not providing
+enough.
+This study uses a survey of patients and a blood glucose test as its
+source data, on a probably representative population of people with
+diabetes.
+The authors found 25\% of survey recipients sometimes stretched or
+avoided using insulin because of cost concerns.
+
+\cite{Shuchman, Miriam, M.D. ``Delaying Generic Competition - Corporate
+Payoffs and the Future of Plavix.'' {\itshape The New England Journal of
+Medicine,} vol. 355, no. 13, 2006, pp. 1297-300. ProQuest,
+\link{https://go.openathens.net/redirector/gatech.edu?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/223927797?accountid=11107.}}
+
+This article is about the genericization of a non-insulin drug made and
+marketed by Sanofi and Bristol-Myers in 2006.
+These two paid off a generics manufacturer in the millions, a so-called
+``pay-for-delay'' scheme.
+The article directly challenges the legitimacy of these companies'
+actions, and even though it's in a medical journal, uses court cases,
+senators' statements, and quotes as evidence.
+I want to talk about this kind of market manipulation in general, like
+payoffs, evergreening (repeatedly patenting different parts of a drug),
+and strong lobbying interests.
+Generics are going to be central to my video, and this is one of the
+reasons they're unavailable.
+Combined with newer evidence, like from the FTC, this article proves
+anti-consumer damages of these schemes and a failure to regulate.
+
+\cite{Gotham, Dzintars et al. ``Production costs and potential prices
+for biosimilars of human insulin and insulin analogues.'' {\itshape BMJ
+global health} vol. 3,5 e000850. 25 Sep. 2018,
+\link{doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000850}}
+
+This article determines the price for a company to mass-produce
+insulins, including insulin glargine: using very conservative
+assumptions, only \$7.38 per vial or \$108 per year.
+At the time of its publication, companies charged over \$87 per vial in
+the US and \$36--40 in its industrial peer nations.
+The article includes largely original calculations from a methodology
+used in an HIV medicines study and sources its basic prices for bulk
+active pharmaceutical ingredient directly.
+This analysis is useful for my argument because significantly reduced
+prices would be feasible according to this model.
+I also want to talk about the different insulin prices in different
+countries in my video.
+There is a very large difference in the market, which entirely comes
+down to ``ability to pay.''
+Given that which nation insulin is being sold in has such strong bearing
+on market pricing, the pricing clearly isn't inflexible for companies,
+and policy changes will probably be impactful.
+
+\cite{Fuglestein Biniek, John, and William Johnson. ``Spending on
+Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes and the Role of Rapidly Increasing
+Insulin Prices.'' {\itshape Health Cost Institute,}
+\link{https://healthcostinstitute.org/diabetes-and-insulin/spending-on-individuals-with-type-1-diabetes-and-the-role-of-rapidly-increasing-insulin-prices.}}
+
+This is a brief on the rapidly rising cost of insulin products in 2012
+to 2016.
+Lantus, Sanofi's brand of insulin glargine, rose by 98\%, and the
+average diabetic spent \$5,700 on insulin alone and more than
+\$12,800 on other care in 2016.
+These prices are only for people with employer-sponsored health
+insurance, and this study doesn't account for rebates on drugs.
+The year this study came out is also somewhat limiting, but the trends
+plus contemporary cost data on Lantus will give a useful trend and an
+alarming problem---\$20,000 is excessive just to stay alive.
+The study, however, checks some contingencies to determine that the
+increase in payments from diabetics is in fact because of corporations
+raising prices.
+The number of units patients take has stayed roughly the same, and even
+if significant rebates were available, insulin prices have still hiked.
+
+\end{document}
-- 
cgit 

