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+- Elections, especially in democracy, control political
+ behavior/decisions
+ - The system can be manipulated
+ - The gov't doesn't represent everybody; it represents voters
+ - Young people don't vote, so they aren't pandered to
+ - Belief that the issues being discussed are distant
+ - So you need to participate
+ - Because your future is being decided now
+
+How Dr. Rich socializes his kids to their civic duty
+- Mocked up ballot box, voter ID, "I voted" stickers
+- Brings his kids to the polls, or involves them with mail-in ballots
+- Election participation is a civic duty
+ - Has a profound impact
+ - Ex: suffrage rights
+
+"All men are created equal" was in no way correct. Liberalist idealism
+- In some states, only 10% voted.
+- Property qualifications, "economic stake=political stake"
+
+Suffrage is now, in the letter of the law, for every adult citizen who
+hasn't "violated their civic responsibility" (like prisoners).
+How did it develop over time?
+- African Americans
+ - 1865-70 "Civil War Amendments"
+ - (Only) during Reconstruction--2 black people elected to Senate and
+ 14 to House
+ - After Reconstruction ends with Union soldiers leaving, they
+ get redisenfranchised.
+ - After 1901, next to serve was 1972
+ - Southerners did much of the active prohibition of voting
+ - But federal gov't and many Northerners stood by
+ - Literacy tests and "Character tests" (very low pass rate)
+ - Employer permission to vote
+ - Restrictions on voter registration
+ - 1965 Voting Rights Act
+ - An active law; funding withheld from states
+ - Turnout was low in first few years, but they eventually
+ returned.
+- Women
+ - Could, sometimes, inherit property from husbands or male
+ relatives.
+ - When only property determined voting rights, women could vote.
+ - But by 1910, only 4 states had given women the right to vote.
+ - Powerful interests opposed suffrage
+ - Southern whites didn't
+ - Manufacturers didn't
+ - because women would vote against child labor (very cheap)
+ - Catholic Church
+ - "Vote is contrary to the proper role of women"
+ - British women's suffrage movement
+ - Gave a playbook/methods for influencing change
+ - Cannot be a private act; must be public like marches,
+ protests
+ - Also have to make those in power (men) care about the issue
+ - Women boycott domestic work
+ - Well-timed, uses WWI. 19th Amendment 1920