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authorHolden Rohrer <hr@hrhr.dev>2020-09-10 16:35:43 -0400
committerHolden Rohrer <hr@hrhr.dev>2020-09-10 16:35:43 -0400
commit4046a90baf8c176ab45dfcefd7b7fb8714f9393f (patch)
tree761a84d203617ecee7180a61ea8f232f913d89c4
parentc64108a3b8249f6ba32e58f70e69627b6c0690f9 (diff)
watched the lectures
-rw-r--r--PROGRESS2
-rw-r--r--smith/06_progressive_era150
-rw-r--r--smith/07_great_war178
-rw-r--r--smith/08_reactionary_20s144
4 files changed, 473 insertions, 1 deletions
diff --git a/PROGRESS b/PROGRESS
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--- a/PROGRESS
+++ b/PROGRESS
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
+ America and The Great War lecture
-- The Reactionary twenties lecture
++ The Reactionary twenties lecture
- Aug 31 lecture (INTA)
- Sep 2 lecture (INTA)
- Sep 4 lecture (INTA)
diff --git a/smith/06_progressive_era b/smith/06_progressive_era
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+++ b/smith/06_progressive_era
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+The Progressive Era
+- T. Roosevelt leads
+Questions:
+What were the main motives of progressive reformers?
+What were the specific goals of progressive reformers?
+What contribution did T. Roosevelt make to the progressive movement? How
+did his successors Taft and Wilson differ?
+
+Political innovation
+- Change in pres. leadership
+
+Middle class: disruptive crisis of democracy
+ - Child labor
+ - Industrial poverty
+ - Contaminated food, miserable conditions, poor pay
+ - Churches, charity, individuals, and expanded government
+
+- Widening gap between rich and poor in Gilded Age
+- Poor farmfolk in cities
+
+Progressives are liberals championing capitalism who wanted to reform it
+Christian Mormonists who want:
+ - Gov (state, local, federal) to handle urban-industrial growth
+- Not a single party, supported by both parties (Rep & Dem)
+ Urban and rural, populist and socialist
+ Laborers and organizers, every profession
+ White and black
+
+Make government more efficient and business more honest.
+Social sciences from universities should be used to legislate:
+ - Sometimes hypocritical
+ - White supremacy, ignoring racial issues
+ - "Those who know better"
+ - Better regulation for trusts, more efficient gov
+Layoffs from 1893
+- Rise of populist movement
+- Progressive response
+- Both agree that laissez-faire failed America
+
+Progressive period establishes:
+- Secret ballot
+- Direct election of senators
+- FDA
+- Women's suffrage
+- Income tax
+
+National Association for Women's Action (NAWA) and Women's Christian
+Temperance Union (WCTU):
+ - Society is a macrocosm of the home
+ - Alcohol at the center of many problems: vice, crime, prostitution
+ - Temperance = Prohibition
+ - Carrie Nation, member of progressive movement
+ - Inspired by evangelical protestantism
+ - Smashed saloons throughout the Great Plains
+ - "Men are nicotine-soaked, beer-besmirched,
+ whiskey-greased, red-eyed devils"
+ - Arrested 30 times for violence
+
+Muckrakers reveal abuses
+Jacob Riis: "How the Other Half Lives"
+T. Roosevelt used muckrakers to raise support for his policies.
+1900s: Mclure's magazine raised public knowledge about complex issues:
+ - Corrupt political machines
+ - Exposed working poor conditions
+Lincoln Steffens's "Shame of the Cities"
+ - Attacked idea of businessmen as heroes
+ - Monopolies, politics corrupted by them (bosses, etc)
+David Philips's "Treason of the Senate" (Cosmopolitan article)
+ - 27 senators represented special interest groups, not the people
+ - 17th amendment directly elects senators
+Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle"
+ - Capitalism is an exploitative system (socialist)
+ - Attacked greed, proposed collective means
+ - Packingtown, Chicago slum, had spoiled meat, rodents
+ - "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident hit its stomach"
+ - Helped move forward FDA
+
+- Progressivism most dynamic social and political force in the nation
+
+Leon Czolgosz, claiming to be part of socialist/anarchist/pro-people
+movement, assassinates William McKinley.
+- T. Roosevelt takes over at 42
+
+TR
+ - Very charismatic
+ - Motto is old African proverb: "speak softly and carry a big stick"
+ - Man of action; use existing infrastructure; problems can be solved
+ - Born into wealth, wife Alice, mother died from typhoid.
+ - Built up body, became rancher, moved back to become police
+ chief cracking down on political corruption
+ - Asst Sec of Navy in Spanish-American war
+ - Presidency is a bully pulpit
+ - Platform for delivering moralism
+ - NY Republican bosses wanted TR out.
+ - Roosevelt "believed in power."
+ - Believed presidents should set national agenda
+ - Imperialist
+ - Progressivist
+ - Conservationist: designated 1000s of national parks/forests
+
+Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902
+- Accompanied by many other strikes at the time
+- Laborers protest cartels
+- Companies refused to deal with union
+ - schools, factories running out of coal, and public opinion turns
+ - TR used military intervention as a threat to force mediation
+
+TR as a trustbuster:
+- Black and white, good and bad ideas
+- Liked competition, so disliked trusts/monopolies
+
+TR as an imperialist:
+- Presidential, military force
+- Wants to build canal in Colombian state of Panama
+ - Colombia wants more money
+ - US promises $10M to Panamanian revolters that would have gone to
+ Colombia
+ - Uses US military assistance to stop Colombian reinforcements
+- Panamanian canal vital to US defense
+- US "would not tolerate instability in South America"
+ Roosevelt corollary to Monroe Doctrine
+ US would exercise "international police power" to enforce stability
+ Exercised in Dominican Republic
+
+TR chooses not to run for third term.
+William Howard Taft - 1908
+ Handpicked successor of TR
+ - sedentary, calm, cautious
+ - Conflicted with TR, ending their friendship and making TR rival
+ - Gifford Pinchot (chief of National Forest Service) fired and
+ replaced with Richard Ballinger who sold public land in West,
+ Alaska to businesses
+ - Pushed TR out of the party, and Republicans become party of
+ big business
+ - TR runs against Taft for 1912 nomination
+ - The election is a four person race: Taft, TR, Woodrow Wilson,
+ Eugene Debs (socialist, not a major player)
+ - Taft wins Rep. nomination
+ - Roosevelt runs under Bull Moose (progressive Rep.) party.
+ - Woodrow Wilson nominated by Dems as progressive with
+ conservative social values
+- Woodrow Wilson: "New Freedom" = Small government, states rights
+ - Vague on how it would handle big business
+- Roosevelt: "New Nationalism" = Strong fed. gov. to regulate private
+ greed --- prohibit child labor, 8-hour workday, women's suffrage
+ - Shot in Milwaukee in chest; assassin says no-one should serve 3
+ terms
+ - Bullet slowed by eyeglass case and speech.
+ - TR still gives the speech for 90 minutes
+- Wilson wins the election under progressivism
diff --git a/smith/07_great_war b/smith/07_great_war
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ebc4e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smith/07_great_war
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+Woodrow Wilson - 1912, The Great War
+
+Atlantic Ocean allowed US to be isolationist, but
+- expanding world trade
+- US extranational interventions
+- Increasingly powerful navies
+Began to threaten US.
+
+First three years of Great War:
+- Wilson maintains neutrality
+- But supplying more food and supplies to GB & France
+- German submarine attacks American ship, provoking congress
+
+- Segregated army
+- African-Americans moved urban and north for jobs, racism reasons
+
+When war interrupted, Wilson shifted his focus from internal
+progressivism to int'l affairs. Believed God was calling him to shape
+the world landscape.
+
+Questions:
+What caused the Great War?
+Why did the US join the conflict?
+How did the adm of Pres. Wilson mobilize the war effort?
+How did Wilson promote his plans for a peaceful postwar world order?
+What were its consequences domestically and abroad?
+
+Great War
+- Wilson had a personally difficult time handling the war: his wife died
+- Causes (instabilities)
+ - Imperial competition
+ - Hypernationalism
+ - Ethnic hatred, racism
+ - Alliance system: Central, Allies
+ - Gets everyone involved
+- "Jingoism run mad"
+ - German system was dangerous to world order (recently organized)
+ - Powerful enough to challenge GB supremacy and attack old
+ enemies, France and Russia.
+ - Austro-Hungarian Empire: unstable combination of 11 ethnicities
+ - Wanted to oppress nearby Bosnia (Slavic)
+- Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian nationalist
+ - Wanted to go to war, even though ultimatums were resolved.
+ - Used Russian forces to provoke AH.
+- GB enters war at attack of Belgium.
+ - One of the five global empires
+- Charles Schwab, pres. of Bethlehem Steel, an arms merchant
+ - Secures order from GB for arms
+ - 8x revenues
+- British propaganda
+ - JP Morgan lent millions to GB.
+ - Helps get US involved "in thought and in deed"
+
+1894, Gen. Alfred von Schlieffen designed plan for Germany
+ - Defeat France in 4 weeks by taking Paris
+ - Go through Belgium
+ - Then, 2 weeks before Russia is prepared, attack
+ - Wanted to avoid two-front war
+ - By November, Germany, France in a war of attrition
+
+Trench Warfare
+- Cold, atrocious conditions: surrounded by dead bodies, starve, PTSD
+ - Modern Warfare: machine guns, tanks, submarines, tear gas + chem
+
+- U-Boats/Submarines by Germany around GB coast
+ - Germany dangerous to ships because GB flew false flags
+ - US/Wilson wanted to keep shipping to all combatants (neutrality)
+ - Lusitania attacked by Germany, killing 1260 people in May
+ - American newspapers denounced Germany
+ - Small group of Americans demand forceful response
+ - Wilson responds with only "a next sinking will be considered
+ act of aggression"
+
+ - Germany sinks *Arabic* ship with 2 Americans (also GB) in August
+ - ``Arabic Pledge'': Germany promises to end unrestricted submarines
+ - Mar 1916: Sussex (France) sunk with many American passengers
+ - May 1916: Germany agrees not to attack merchant & passenger ships
+ without warning
+ - This means that a German violation forces America
+ - Germany is starving GB population, and GB Germany.
+ - Interventionist v. Isolationist
+ - Interventionists mostly war profiteers in NE/midwest
+
+Jan 1917: Wilson's Congressional Speech
+ ``Covenant of Cooperative Peace'' (League of Nations
+ - Wants to end the war
+ - Peace without victory (no reparations)
+ - open diplomacy: no secret treaties or alliances
+ - freedom of the seas
+ - self-determination
+
+1917, Germany to unrestrict submarine use to block GB, FR supplies
+ - Germans deeply underestimated US force
+ - Zimmerman Telegram: secret German telegram asks Mexico to atk US
+ - Incensed American opinion
+ - America declares war, landing troops in Jun 1917
+ - Other motives
+ - British propaganda
+ - Wilsonian Idealism: use WWI to make the world safe for
+ democracy and avoid future conflict
+ - But the US needed to join the war for negotiation power
+ - Corporate monetary concerns
+
+Selective Service Act
+ - 18--45yo could be drafted
+ - 2m drafted and 2m volunteered
+ - 18th amendment (prohibition) passed in 1918 --- wartime motives
+ - Grain not to beer but to army
+ - Sober factory workers for industrialists
+ - Some moralistic concerns
+
+The Great War ended a sense of laissez-faire government
+ - National Railroad Administration coordinates companies, workers,
+ routes
+ - National War Labor Board improves labor conditions
+ - Equal wages for women "in wartime industries"
+ - Minimum wage
+ - Wants to keep the supply chain coming (total war)
+ - Ends after war
+ - Liberty/war bonds
+ - Espionage and Sedition Acts
+ - Espionage: don't interfere with recruitment or encourage
+ "disloyalty"
+ - Obstruction or aiding enemy is 20 years' jailtime
+ - Banned critical journals/magazines
+ - Sedition Act: prohibited abusive, profane, negative gov't
+ speech
+ - Anti-free speech militia worked illegally for Attorney General
+
+Committe on Public Information (CPI)
+ - Trying to sell the American people on Wilson's war effort
+ - Recruited people working in arts, advertising, media
+ - 4 minute men: 4 minute speechers on why the US fights, portray the
+ Germans as "blood-thirsty huns"
+
+NAWSA w/ Carrie Chapman Catt
+- Work inside the old system
+- Women are more virtuous so would improve the political culture
+- State-by-state strategy proves ineffective
+
+NWP w/ Alice Paul
+- More radical suffragists: inspired by British suffrage movement
+- Wanted federal suffrage amendment
+- Picketed the White House
+ - Arrested/imprisoned for obstructing traffic
+- Hunger strikes, willing to suffer for human rights
+ - Makes Woodrow Wilson look bad, so he begrudgingly supports in Fall
+ 1918 as "a war measure"
+ - 19th amendment ratified in 1920
+
+America helps win the war
+- Mar 1918: Germans launch massive offensive in France
+- July 1918: Allies mobilize counter forces
+- Fall 1918: Meuse-Argonne Offensive
+ - Largest and bloodiest battle for the American Expedition Forces
+ - Allies have bigger numbers and win, pushing back German front
+- Armistice on Nov 11, 1918
+
+Wilson's 14 points: Working towards League of Nations
+Treate of Versailles
+- David Lloyd George -- Brit prime minister
+- Clemenceau -- France
+- Orlando -- Italian
+- Wilson, with an exclusively Dem party, attends negotiations
+ - Gets none of what he wants
+ - No disarmament
+ - No elimination of trade barriers
+ - No open diplomacy or peace w/o victory
+ - And couldn't join League of Nations because senate Repub blocked
+- Germany, Russia not in attendance
+ - Article 231, War Guilt Clause, requires $33BB German reparations
+ - Also military costs
+
+Longlasting results
+- American Military manpower accelerates
+- National Security State develops
+- Economic Change/profit: America #1 creditor nation (private financier)
+- Still internal conflict in America
diff --git a/smith/08_reactionary_20s b/smith/08_reactionary_20s
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c59a553
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smith/08_reactionary_20s
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+Republican party fragmenting
+Small-town America feared changes in cities:
+- Secular modernism eroding conservative Christianity
+- Red Scare, immigrants
+
+An age of "disillusionment":
+- Crime pervaded society
+- Corrupt politics
+- Nativism, Racism
+
+Americans questioned new technologies and big government from WWI.
+
+Questions:
+How did the "Red Scare" shape American poltiical culture after WWI?
+How did nativism influence immigration laws?
+Why did the KKK resurge during the 1920s?
+How did the "Scopes Trial" reflect broader cultural changes between
+ Christian Fundamentalists and Modernists?
+How did Americans respond to Prohibition?
+What was "The Crime of the Century"?
+
+The war caused a loss of faith in institutions and government
+- "What was it all for?"
+- Progressivism curtailed by fear that government infringes on rights
+- Postwar layoffs (~9million people) --> postwar depression in 1920-21
+
+Bolshevik revolution happened during WWI
+- Communist/Leninist state developing (single party system)
+- Americans scared of labor unionizers, radicals of potential revolution
+- Dynamite bombs mailed to prominent politicians, businessmen.
+ - Justice Department claimed this was a radical attempt to takeover
+ - But it was actually an anarchist organization
+
+Jan 2, 1920
+- Justice Department arrests, without warrants, 1600 anarchists, aliens
+- Detained without bail and didn't allow to contact employers
+- Justified with guilt by association
+- Although peaks here, persists throughout 1920s
+
+Italian and Mexican Immigrants
+- 1/2 of white men and 1/3 of white women were immigrants
+ - Had more radical ideas about labor organization
+ - Nativism wanted to exclude foreign radicals
+ - Emergency Immigration Act of 1921
+ - Limits to 3% of population of each country
+ - Immigration Act of 1924
+ - Ceiling of 2% of population on other countries
+ - Banned Asian immigrants
+ - Wanted to keep out Jews, Italians, Turks, Russians
+ - And wanted to favor Brit, French, German
+ HL Mencken criticizes Act for treating new immigrants as
+ domestic enemies despite their benefit to America
+ - Didn't convince nativist Calvin Coolidge
+ "America must be kept for Americans"
+ - No quotas for Western hemisphere
+ - Wanted Cuban/Mexican/Latin cheap labor
+
+- Sackel and Vans-Eddy's "Crime"
+ - Arrested with pistols, lied to police
+ - But people gave them alibis
+ - Italian immigrants and labor organizers
+ - Criticized for stealing from a shoe factory and killing guards
+ - Electrified 6 years after arrest, still claiming innocence
+ - Debated guilt
+
+"The Birth of a Nation," shown at White House endorsed by W. Wilson
+ - Most popular movie due to the endorsement
+ - Rewrote Southern history portraying Klansmen as heroes and slaves
+ as unscrupulous collaborators.
+ - Surgeon in Atlanta founds new KKK. Only allowed "natives" (white
+ Anglo-Sax non-alien) to join.
+ - Sponsored baseball teams, beauty pageants, frats
+ - Preached hatred against Blacks, atheists, prostitutes,
+ immigrants, Jews
+ - 40% of members were in three midwestern states
+ - Most clan members were farmers but also attracted pillars of
+ community: teachers, doctors, accountants
+ - David C Stevenson, grand Dragon of Indiana bought off state and
+ local politicians with merch sales and Klan donations
+ - Kidnapped, raped, and mutilated a 29yo woman on his staffu
+ - When not pardoned, implicates the polits he bribed
+ - Klan membership dwindles to 100K mostly southerners
+ - And anti-Klan laws are passed
+ - Fun fact: Fred C Trump, DJT's father, detained at a rally
+
+Fundamentalism and The "Scopes-Monkey" Trial
+- Fundamentalism = Radical Protestantism
+ - Anti-Modernist Sect. Modernism is integration of science w/ Christ
+ - Literal belief in the Bible
+ - Williams Jennings Bryan, "the Great Commoner", uses fundamentalism
+ as a popular talking point
+ - Passed state laws banning teaching of Darwinian evolution.
+ - These laws only passed in the South
+ - Tennessee state legislature bans teaching of evolution
+ - In Dayton, John Scopes becomes a test case to raise publicity
+ for the depressed Daytonian economy.
+ - William Jennings Bryan called as an expert witness in biblical
+ interpretation
+ - Darrow quizzes Bryan on various biblical stories, asking
+ him if he "really believes" in, for ex., Eve being Adam's
+ rib
+ - Conflict erupted between Darrow and Bryan.
+ - Scopes is declared guilty but fine not counted
+
+Prohibition and Al Capone
+- Temperance became a test of American patriotism
+ - Brewers were discriminated against for being German
+ - Many wanted to police African-Americans & foreign-born
+ - Initially cut drinking in half
+ - But quickly, floating saloon boats and bootleggers circumvented
+ - 700 million gallons of home-brewed beer, bathtub gin, and
+ stockpiling work around the law.
+ - These liquors were dangerous
+ - Very few Americans respected it
+ - Pres. Warren G Harding served bootleg liquor in White House
+ - Skyrocketing alcohol imprisonments
+ - Increased income for organized crime (Al Capone)
+ - Al Capone scarred by man in bar, "Scarface"
+ - $60 million dollars in revenues
+ - Hundreds of unsolved murders
+ - Soup kitchen, good tipper, hero to many
+ - Convicted on charges of tax evasion. Dies behind bars
+
+"Crime of the Century"
+Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb
+- Intelligent and wealthy
+- Homosexual partners
+- Engaged in petty crimes: robberies,
+- Believed they were exempt from the law and want to commit a "perfect
+ crime" of murder
+ - Kill Bobby Franks
+ - Send ransom to Franks
+ - Dump body of boy in marsh; it's discovered
+ - Leopold's special glasses left next to the boy and the ransom
+ typewrite style corresponds to his typewriter
+ - Both confess and blame eachother but also blame Nietzche's
+ "superman theory" (some people above the law).
+- Viewed as a feature of breakdown in American morals
+- Clarence Darrow defends Leopold and Loeb
+ - Has them plead guilty
+ - Uses Freud's theory: senseless acts of aggression led by desires
+ out of their control
+ - Trauma as young boys and basically mentally ill
+ - Saves them from death sentence and gets them life