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diff --git a/smith/06_progressive_era b/smith/06_progressive_era new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9619aa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/smith/06_progressive_era @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ +The Progressive Era +- T. Roosevelt leads +Questions: +What were the main motives of progressive reformers? +What were the specific goals of progressive reformers? +What contribution did T. Roosevelt make to the progressive movement? How +did his successors Taft and Wilson differ? + +Political innovation +- Change in pres. leadership + +Middle class: disruptive crisis of democracy + - Child labor + - Industrial poverty + - Contaminated food, miserable conditions, poor pay + - Churches, charity, individuals, and expanded government + +- Widening gap between rich and poor in Gilded Age +- Poor farmfolk in cities + +Progressives are liberals championing capitalism who wanted to reform it +Christian Mormonists who want: + - Gov (state, local, federal) to handle urban-industrial growth +- Not a single party, supported by both parties (Rep & Dem) + Urban and rural, populist and socialist + Laborers and organizers, every profession + White and black + +Make government more efficient and business more honest. +Social sciences from universities should be used to legislate: + - Sometimes hypocritical + - White supremacy, ignoring racial issues + - "Those who know better" + - Better regulation for trusts, more efficient gov +Layoffs from 1893 +- Rise of populist movement +- Progressive response +- Both agree that laissez-faire failed America + +Progressive period establishes: +- Secret ballot +- Direct election of senators +- FDA +- Women's suffrage +- Income tax + +National Association for Women's Action (NAWA) and Women's Christian +Temperance Union (WCTU): + - Society is a macrocosm of the home + - Alcohol at the center of many problems: vice, crime, prostitution + - Temperance = Prohibition + - Carrie Nation, member of progressive movement + - Inspired by evangelical protestantism + - Smashed saloons throughout the Great Plains + - "Men are nicotine-soaked, beer-besmirched, + whiskey-greased, red-eyed devils" + - Arrested 30 times for violence + +Muckrakers reveal abuses +Jacob Riis: "How the Other Half Lives" +T. Roosevelt used muckrakers to raise support for his policies. +1900s: Mclure's magazine raised public knowledge about complex issues: + - Corrupt political machines + - Exposed working poor conditions +Lincoln Steffens's "Shame of the Cities" + - Attacked idea of businessmen as heroes + - Monopolies, politics corrupted by them (bosses, etc) +David Philips's "Treason of the Senate" (Cosmopolitan article) + - 27 senators represented special interest groups, not the people + - 17th amendment directly elects senators +Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle" + - Capitalism is an exploitative system (socialist) + - Attacked greed, proposed collective means + - Packingtown, Chicago slum, had spoiled meat, rodents + - "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident hit its stomach" + - Helped move forward FDA + +- Progressivism most dynamic social and political force in the nation + +Leon Czolgosz, claiming to be part of socialist/anarchist/pro-people +movement, assassinates William McKinley. +- T. Roosevelt takes over at 42 + +TR + - Very charismatic + - Motto is old African proverb: "speak softly and carry a big stick" + - Man of action; use existing infrastructure; problems can be solved + - Born into wealth, wife Alice, mother died from typhoid. + - Built up body, became rancher, moved back to become police + chief cracking down on political corruption + - Asst Sec of Navy in Spanish-American war + - Presidency is a bully pulpit + - Platform for delivering moralism + - NY Republican bosses wanted TR out. + - Roosevelt "believed in power." + - Believed presidents should set national agenda + - Imperialist + - Progressivist + - Conservationist: designated 1000s of national parks/forests + +Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 +- Accompanied by many other strikes at the time +- Laborers protest cartels +- Companies refused to deal with union + - schools, factories running out of coal, and public opinion turns + - TR used military intervention as a threat to force mediation + +TR as a trustbuster: +- Black and white, good and bad ideas +- Liked competition, so disliked trusts/monopolies + +TR as an imperialist: +- Presidential, military force +- Wants to build canal in Colombian state of Panama + - Colombia wants more money + - US promises $10M to Panamanian revolters that would have gone to + Colombia + - Uses US military assistance to stop Colombian reinforcements +- Panamanian canal vital to US defense +- US "would not tolerate instability in South America" + Roosevelt corollary to Monroe Doctrine + US would exercise "international police power" to enforce stability + Exercised in Dominican Republic + +TR chooses not to run for third term. +William Howard Taft - 1908 + Handpicked successor of TR + - sedentary, calm, cautious + - Conflicted with TR, ending their friendship and making TR rival + - Gifford Pinchot (chief of National Forest Service) fired and + replaced with Richard Ballinger who sold public land in West, + Alaska to businesses + - Pushed TR out of the party, and Republicans become party of + big business + - TR runs against Taft for 1912 nomination + - The election is a four person race: Taft, TR, Woodrow Wilson, + Eugene Debs (socialist, not a major player) + - Taft wins Rep. nomination + - Roosevelt runs under Bull Moose (progressive Rep.) party. + - Woodrow Wilson nominated by Dems as progressive with + conservative social values +- Woodrow Wilson: "New Freedom" = Small government, states rights + - Vague on how it would handle big business +- Roosevelt: "New Nationalism" = Strong fed. gov. to regulate private + greed --- prohibit child labor, 8-hour workday, women's suffrage + - Shot in Milwaukee in chest; assassin says no-one should serve 3 + terms + - Bullet slowed by eyeglass case and speech. + - TR still gives the speech for 90 minutes +- Wilson wins the election under progressivism |