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+The Progressive Era
+- T. Roosevelt leads
+Questions:
+What were the main motives of progressive reformers?
+What were the specific goals of progressive reformers?
+What contribution did T. Roosevelt make to the progressive movement? How
+did his successors Taft and Wilson differ?
+
+Political innovation
+- Change in pres. leadership
+
+Middle class: disruptive crisis of democracy
+    - Child labor
+    - Industrial poverty
+    - Contaminated food, miserable conditions, poor pay
+    - Churches, charity, individuals, and expanded government
+
+- Widening gap between rich and poor in Gilded Age
+- Poor farmfolk in cities
+
+Progressives are liberals championing capitalism who wanted to reform it
+Christian Mormonists who want:
+    - Gov (state, local, federal) to handle urban-industrial growth
+- Not a single party, supported by both parties (Rep & Dem)
+    Urban and rural, populist and socialist
+    Laborers and organizers, every profession
+    White and black
+
+Make government more efficient and business more honest.
+Social sciences from universities should be used to legislate:
+    - Sometimes hypocritical
+        - White supremacy, ignoring racial issues
+        - "Those who know better"
+    - Better regulation for trusts, more efficient gov
+Layoffs from 1893
+- Rise of populist movement
+- Progressive response
+- Both agree that laissez-faire failed America
+
+Progressive period establishes:
+- Secret ballot
+- Direct election of senators
+- FDA
+- Women's suffrage
+- Income tax
+
+National Association for Women's Action (NAWA) and Women's Christian
+Temperance Union (WCTU):
+    - Society is a macrocosm of the home
+    - Alcohol at the center of many problems: vice, crime, prostitution
+    - Temperance = Prohibition
+        - Carrie Nation, member of progressive movement
+            - Inspired by evangelical protestantism
+            - Smashed saloons throughout the Great Plains
+            - "Men are nicotine-soaked, beer-besmirched,
+              whiskey-greased, red-eyed devils"
+            - Arrested 30 times for violence
+
+Muckrakers reveal abuses
+Jacob Riis: "How the Other Half Lives"
+T. Roosevelt used muckrakers to raise support for his policies.
+1900s: Mclure's magazine raised public knowledge about complex issues:
+    - Corrupt political machines
+    - Exposed working poor conditions
+Lincoln Steffens's "Shame of the Cities"
+    - Attacked idea of businessmen as heroes
+    - Monopolies, politics corrupted by them (bosses, etc)
+David Philips's "Treason of the Senate" (Cosmopolitan article)
+    - 27 senators represented special interest groups, not the people
+    - 17th amendment directly elects senators
+Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle"
+    - Capitalism is an exploitative system (socialist)
+    - Attacked greed, proposed collective means
+    - Packingtown, Chicago slum, had spoiled meat, rodents
+    - "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident hit its stomach"
+        - Helped move forward FDA
+
+- Progressivism most dynamic social and political force in the nation
+
+Leon Czolgosz, claiming to be part of socialist/anarchist/pro-people
+movement, assassinates William McKinley.
+- T. Roosevelt takes over at 42
+
+TR
+    - Very charismatic
+    - Motto is old African proverb: "speak softly and carry a big stick"
+    - Man of action; use existing infrastructure; problems can be solved
+        - Born into wealth, wife Alice, mother died from typhoid.
+        - Built up body, became rancher, moved back to become police
+          chief cracking down on political corruption
+        - Asst Sec of Navy in Spanish-American war
+    - Presidency is a bully pulpit
+        - Platform for delivering moralism
+    - NY Republican bosses wanted TR out.
+    - Roosevelt "believed in power."
+    - Believed presidents should set national agenda
+    - Imperialist
+    - Progressivist
+    - Conservationist: designated 1000s of national parks/forests
+
+Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902
+- Accompanied by many other strikes at the time
+- Laborers protest cartels
+- Companies refused to deal with union
+    - schools, factories running out of coal, and public opinion turns
+    - TR used military intervention as a threat to force mediation
+
+TR as a trustbuster:
+- Black and white, good and bad ideas
+- Liked competition, so disliked trusts/monopolies
+
+TR as an imperialist:
+- Presidential, military force
+- Wants to build canal in Colombian state of Panama
+    - Colombia wants more money
+    - US promises $10M to Panamanian revolters that would have gone to
+      Colombia
+    - Uses US military assistance to stop Colombian reinforcements
+- Panamanian canal vital to US defense
+- US "would not tolerate instability in South America"
+    Roosevelt corollary to Monroe Doctrine
+    US would exercise "international police power" to enforce stability
+        Exercised in Dominican Republic
+
+TR chooses not to run for third term.
+William Howard Taft - 1908
+    Handpicked successor of TR
+    - sedentary, calm, cautious
+    - Conflicted with TR, ending their friendship and making TR rival
+        - Gifford Pinchot (chief of National Forest Service) fired and
+          replaced with Richard Ballinger who sold public land in West,
+          Alaska to businesses
+        - Pushed TR out of the party, and Republicans become party of
+          big business
+    - TR runs against Taft for 1912 nomination
+        - The election is a four person race: Taft, TR, Woodrow Wilson,
+          Eugene Debs (socialist, not a major player)
+        - Taft wins Rep. nomination
+        - Roosevelt runs under Bull Moose (progressive Rep.) party.
+        - Woodrow Wilson nominated by Dems as progressive with
+          conservative social values
+- Woodrow Wilson: "New Freedom" = Small government, states rights
+    - Vague on how it would handle big business
+- Roosevelt: "New Nationalism" = Strong fed. gov. to regulate private
+  greed --- prohibit child labor, 8-hour workday, women's suffrage
+    - Shot in Milwaukee in chest; assassin says no-one should serve 3
+      terms
+        - Bullet slowed by eyeglass case and speech.
+        - TR still gives the speech for 90 minutes
+- Wilson wins the election under progressivism