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+The Progressive Era
+- T. Roosevelt leads
+Questions:
+What were the main motives of progressive reformers?
+What were the specific goals of progressive reformers?
+What contribution did T. Roosevelt make to the progressive movement? How
+did his successors Taft and Wilson differ?
+
+Political innovation
+- Change in pres. leadership
+
+Middle class: disruptive crisis of democracy
+    - Child labor
+    - Industrial poverty
+    - Contaminated food, miserable conditions, poor pay
+    - Churches, charity, individuals, and expanded government
+
+- Widening gap between rich and poor in Gilded Age
+- Poor farmfolk in cities
+
+Progressives are liberals championing capitalism who wanted to reform it
+Christian Mormonists who want:
+    - Gov (state, local, federal) to handle urban-industrial growth
+- Not a single party, supported by both parties (Rep & Dem)
+    Urban and rural, populist and socialist
+    Laborers and organizers, every profession
+    White and black
+
+Make government more efficient and business more honest.
+Social sciences from universities should be used to legislate:
+    - Sometimes hypocritical
+        - White supremacy, ignoring racial issues
+        - "Those who know better"
+    - Better regulation for trusts, more efficient gov
+Layoffs from 1893
+- Rise of populist movement
+- Progressive response
+- Both agree that laissez-faire failed America
+
+Progressive period establishes:
+- Secret ballot
+- Direct election of senators
+- FDA
+- Women's suffrage
+- Income tax
+
+National Association for Women's Action (NAWA) and Women's Christian
+Temperance Union (WCTU):
+    - Society is a macrocosm of the home
+    - Alcohol at the center of many problems: vice, crime, prostitution
+    - Temperance = Prohibition
+        - Carrie Nation, member of progressive movement
+            - Inspired by evangelical protestantism
+            - Smashed saloons throughout the Great Plains
+            - "Men are nicotine-soaked, beer-besmirched,
+              whiskey-greased, red-eyed devils"
+            - Arrested 30 times for violence
+
+Muckrakers reveal abuses
+Jacob Riis: "How the Other Half Lives"
+T. Roosevelt used muckrakers to raise support for his policies.
+1900s: Mclure's magazine raised public knowledge about complex issues:
+    - Corrupt political machines
+    - Exposed working poor conditions
+Lincoln Steffens's "Shame of the Cities"
+    - Attacked idea of businessmen as heroes
+    - Monopolies, politics corrupted by them (bosses, etc)
+David Philips's "Treason of the Senate" (Cosmopolitan article)
+    - 27 senators represented special interest groups, not the people
+    - 17th amendment directly elects senators
+Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle"
+    - Capitalism is an exploitative system (socialist)
+    - Attacked greed, proposed collective means
+    - Packingtown, Chicago slum, had spoiled meat, rodents
+    - "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident hit its stomach"
+        - Helped move forward FDA
+
+- Progressivism most dynamic social and political force in the nation
+
+Leon Czolgosz, claiming to be part of socialist/anarchist/pro-people
+movement, assassinates William McKinley.
+- T. Roosevelt takes over at 42
+
+TR
+    - Very charismatic
+    - Motto is old African proverb: "speak softly and carry a big stick"
+    - Man of action; use existing infrastructure; problems can be solved
+        - Born into wealth, wife Alice, mother died from typhoid.
+        - Built up body, became rancher, moved back to become police
+          chief cracking down on political corruption
+        - Asst Sec of Navy in Spanish-American war
+    - Presidency is a bully pulpit
+        - Platform for delivering moralism
+    - NY Republican bosses wanted TR out.
+    - Roosevelt "believed in power."
+    - Believed presidents should set national agenda
+    - Imperialist
+    - Progressivist
+    - Conservationist: designated 1000s of national parks/forests
+
+Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902
+- Accompanied by many other strikes at the time
+- Laborers protest cartels
+- Companies refused to deal with union
+    - schools, factories running out of coal, and public opinion turns
+    - TR used military intervention as a threat to force mediation
+
+TR as a trustbuster:
+- Black and white, good and bad ideas
+- Liked competition, so disliked trusts/monopolies
+
+TR as an imperialist:
+- Presidential, military force
+- Wants to build canal in Colombian state of Panama
+    - Colombia wants more money
+    - US promises $10M to Panamanian revolters that would have gone to
+      Colombia
+    - Uses US military assistance to stop Colombian reinforcements
+- Panamanian canal vital to US defense
+- US "would not tolerate instability in South America"
+    Roosevelt corollary to Monroe Doctrine
+    US would exercise "international police power" to enforce stability
+        Exercised in Dominican Republic
+
+TR chooses not to run for third term.
+William Howard Taft - 1908
+    Handpicked successor of TR
+    - sedentary, calm, cautious
+    - Conflicted with TR, ending their friendship and making TR rival
+        - Gifford Pinchot (chief of National Forest Service) fired and
+          replaced with Richard Ballinger who sold public land in West,
+          Alaska to businesses
+        - Pushed TR out of the party, and Republicans become party of
+          big business
+    - TR runs against Taft for 1912 nomination
+        - The election is a four person race: Taft, TR, Woodrow Wilson,
+          Eugene Debs (socialist, not a major player)
+        - Taft wins Rep. nomination
+        - Roosevelt runs under Bull Moose (progressive Rep.) party.
+        - Woodrow Wilson nominated by Dems as progressive with
+          conservative social values
+- Woodrow Wilson: "New Freedom" = Small government, states rights
+    - Vague on how it would handle big business
+- Roosevelt: "New Nationalism" = Strong fed. gov. to regulate private
+  greed --- prohibit child labor, 8-hour workday, women's suffrage
+    - Shot in Milwaukee in chest; assassin says no-one should serve 3
+      terms
+        - Bullet slowed by eyeglass case and speech.
+        - TR still gives the speech for 90 minutes
+- Wilson wins the election under progressivism
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+Woodrow Wilson - 1912, The Great War
+
+Atlantic Ocean allowed US to be isolationist, but
+- expanding world trade
+- US extranational interventions
+- Increasingly powerful navies
+Began to threaten US.
+
+First three years of Great War:
+- Wilson maintains neutrality
+- But supplying more food and supplies to GB & France
+- German submarine attacks American ship, provoking congress
+
+- Segregated army
+- African-Americans moved urban and north for jobs, racism reasons
+
+When war interrupted, Wilson shifted his focus from internal
+progressivism to int'l affairs. Believed God was calling him to shape
+the world landscape.
+
+Questions:
+What caused the Great War?
+Why did the US join the conflict?
+How did the adm of Pres. Wilson mobilize the war effort?
+How did Wilson promote his plans for a peaceful postwar world order?
+What were its consequences domestically and abroad?
+
+Great War
+- Wilson had a personally difficult time handling the war: his wife died
+- Causes (instabilities)
+    - Imperial competition
+    - Hypernationalism
+    - Ethnic hatred, racism
+    - Alliance system: Central, Allies
+        - Gets everyone involved
+- "Jingoism run mad"
+    - German system was dangerous to world order (recently organized)
+        - Powerful enough to challenge GB supremacy and attack old
+          enemies, France and Russia.
+    - Austro-Hungarian Empire: unstable combination of 11 ethnicities
+        - Wanted to oppress nearby Bosnia (Slavic)
+- Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian nationalist
+    - Wanted to go to war, even though ultimatums were resolved.
+        - Used Russian forces to provoke AH.
+- GB enters war at attack of Belgium.
+    - One of the five global empires
+- Charles Schwab, pres. of Bethlehem Steel, an arms merchant
+    - Secures order from GB for arms
+    - 8x revenues
+- British propaganda
+    - JP Morgan lent millions to GB.
+    - Helps get US involved "in thought and in deed"
+
+1894, Gen. Alfred von Schlieffen designed plan for Germany
+    - Defeat France in 4 weeks by taking Paris
+        - Go through Belgium
+    - Then, 2 weeks before Russia is prepared, attack
+    - Wanted to avoid two-front war
+    - By November, Germany, France in a war of attrition
+
+Trench Warfare
+- Cold, atrocious conditions: surrounded by dead bodies, starve, PTSD
+    - Modern Warfare: machine guns, tanks, submarines, tear gas + chem
+
+- U-Boats/Submarines by Germany around GB coast
+    - Germany dangerous to ships because GB flew false flags
+    - US/Wilson wanted to keep shipping to all combatants (neutrality)
+    - Lusitania attacked by Germany, killing 1260 people in May
+        - American newspapers denounced Germany
+        - Small group of Americans demand forceful response
+        - Wilson responds with only "a next sinking will be considered
+          act of aggression"
+
+    - Germany sinks *Arabic* ship with 2 Americans (also GB) in August
+    - ``Arabic Pledge'': Germany promises to end unrestricted submarines
+    - Mar 1916: Sussex (France) sunk with many American passengers
+    - May 1916: Germany agrees not to attack merchant & passenger ships
+      without warning
+        - This means that a German violation forces America
+        - Germany is starving GB population, and GB Germany.
+    - Interventionist v. Isolationist
+        - Interventionists mostly war profiteers in NE/midwest
+
+Jan 1917: Wilson's Congressional Speech
+    ``Covenant of Cooperative Peace'' (League of Nations
+    - Wants to end the war
+    - Peace without victory (no reparations)
+        - open diplomacy: no secret treaties or alliances
+        - freedom of the seas
+        - self-determination
+
+1917, Germany to unrestrict submarine use to block GB, FR supplies
+    - Germans deeply underestimated US force
+    - Zimmerman Telegram: secret German telegram asks Mexico to atk US
+        - Incensed American opinion
+        - America declares war, landing troops in Jun 1917
+    - Other motives
+        - British propaganda
+        - Wilsonian Idealism: use WWI to make the world safe for
+          democracy and avoid future conflict
+            - But the US needed to join the war for negotiation power
+        - Corporate monetary concerns
+
+Selective Service Act
+    - 18--45yo could be drafted
+    - 2m drafted and 2m volunteered
+    - 18th amendment (prohibition) passed in 1918 --- wartime motives
+        - Grain not to beer but to army
+        - Sober factory workers for industrialists
+        - Some moralistic concerns
+
+The Great War ended a sense of laissez-faire government
+    - National Railroad Administration coordinates companies, workers,
+      routes
+    - National War Labor Board improves labor conditions
+        - Equal wages for women "in wartime industries"
+        - Minimum wage
+        - Wants to keep the supply chain coming (total war)
+        - Ends after war
+    - Liberty/war bonds
+    - Espionage and Sedition Acts
+        - Espionage: don't interfere with recruitment or encourage
+          "disloyalty"
+            - Obstruction or aiding enemy is 20 years' jailtime
+            - Banned critical journals/magazines
+        - Sedition Act: prohibited abusive, profane, negative gov't
+          speech
+        - Anti-free speech militia worked illegally for Attorney General
+
+Committe on Public Information (CPI)
+    - Trying to sell the American people on Wilson's war effort
+    - Recruited people working in arts, advertising, media
+    - 4 minute men: 4 minute speechers on why the US fights, portray the
+      Germans as "blood-thirsty huns"
+
+NAWSA w/ Carrie Chapman Catt
+- Work inside the old system
+- Women are more virtuous so would improve the political culture
+- State-by-state strategy proves ineffective
+
+NWP w/ Alice Paul
+- More radical suffragists: inspired by British suffrage movement
+- Wanted federal suffrage amendment
+- Picketed the White House
+    - Arrested/imprisoned for obstructing traffic
+- Hunger strikes, willing to suffer for human rights
+    - Makes Woodrow Wilson look bad, so he begrudgingly supports in Fall
+      1918 as "a war measure"
+        - 19th amendment ratified in 1920
+
+America helps win the war
+- Mar 1918: Germans launch massive offensive in France
+- July 1918: Allies mobilize counter forces
+- Fall 1918: Meuse-Argonne Offensive
+    - Largest and bloodiest battle for the American Expedition Forces
+    - Allies have bigger numbers and win, pushing back German front
+- Armistice on Nov 11, 1918
+
+Wilson's 14 points: Working towards League of Nations
+Treate of Versailles
+- David Lloyd George -- Brit prime minister
+- Clemenceau -- France
+- Orlando -- Italian
+- Wilson, with an exclusively Dem party, attends negotiations
+    - Gets none of what he wants
+    - No disarmament
+    - No elimination of trade barriers
+    - No open diplomacy or peace w/o victory
+    - And couldn't join League of Nations because senate Repub blocked
+- Germany, Russia not in attendance
+    - Article 231, War Guilt Clause, requires $33BB German reparations
+        - Also military costs
+
+Longlasting results
+- American Military manpower accelerates
+- National Security State develops
+- Economic Change/profit: America #1 creditor nation (private financier)
+- Still internal conflict in America
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+Republican party fragmenting
+Small-town America feared changes in cities:
+- Secular modernism eroding conservative Christianity
+- Red Scare, immigrants
+
+An age of "disillusionment":
+- Crime pervaded society
+- Corrupt politics
+- Nativism, Racism
+
+Americans questioned new technologies and big government from WWI.
+
+Questions:
+How did the "Red Scare" shape American poltiical culture after WWI?
+How did nativism influence immigration laws?
+Why did the KKK resurge during the 1920s?
+How did the "Scopes Trial" reflect broader cultural changes between
+    Christian Fundamentalists and Modernists?
+How did Americans respond to Prohibition?
+What was "The Crime of the Century"?
+
+The war caused a loss of faith in institutions and government
+- "What was it all for?"
+- Progressivism curtailed by fear that government infringes on rights
+- Postwar layoffs (~9million people) --> postwar depression in 1920-21
+
+Bolshevik revolution happened during WWI
+- Communist/Leninist state developing (single party system)
+- Americans scared of labor unionizers, radicals of potential revolution
+- Dynamite bombs mailed to prominent politicians, businessmen.
+    - Justice Department claimed this was a radical attempt to takeover
+    - But it was actually an anarchist organization
+
+Jan 2, 1920
+- Justice Department arrests, without warrants, 1600 anarchists, aliens
+- Detained without bail and didn't allow to contact employers
+- Justified with guilt by association
+- Although peaks here, persists throughout 1920s
+
+Italian and Mexican Immigrants
+- 1/2 of white men and 1/3 of white women were immigrants
+    - Had more radical ideas about labor organization
+    - Nativism wanted to exclude foreign radicals
+        - Emergency Immigration Act of 1921
+            - Limits to 3% of population of each country
+        - Immigration Act of 1924
+            - Ceiling of 2% of population on other countries
+            - Banned Asian immigrants
+            - Wanted to keep out Jews, Italians, Turks, Russians
+            - And wanted to favor Brit, French, German
+            HL Mencken criticizes Act for treating new immigrants as
+            domestic enemies despite their benefit to America
+                - Didn't convince nativist Calvin Coolidge
+                "America must be kept for Americans"
+            - No quotas for Western hemisphere
+                - Wanted Cuban/Mexican/Latin cheap labor
+
+- Sackel and Vans-Eddy's "Crime"
+    - Arrested with pistols, lied to police
+    - But people gave them alibis
+    - Italian immigrants and labor organizers
+    - Criticized for stealing from a shoe factory and killing guards
+    - Electrified 6 years after arrest, still claiming innocence
+    - Debated guilt
+
+"The Birth of a Nation," shown at White House endorsed by W. Wilson
+    - Most popular movie due to the endorsement
+    - Rewrote Southern history portraying Klansmen as heroes and slaves
+      as unscrupulous collaborators.
+    - Surgeon in Atlanta founds new KKK. Only allowed "natives" (white
+      Anglo-Sax non-alien) to join.
+        - Sponsored baseball teams, beauty pageants, frats
+        - Preached hatred against Blacks, atheists, prostitutes,
+          immigrants, Jews
+        - 40% of members were in three midwestern states
+        - Most clan members were farmers but also attracted pillars of
+          community: teachers, doctors, accountants
+    - David C Stevenson, grand Dragon of Indiana bought off state and
+      local politicians with merch sales and Klan donations
+        - Kidnapped, raped, and mutilated a 29yo woman on his staffu
+        - When not pardoned, implicates the polits he bribed
+        - Klan membership dwindles to 100K mostly southerners
+        - And anti-Klan laws are passed
+            - Fun fact: Fred C Trump, DJT's father, detained at a rally
+
+Fundamentalism and The "Scopes-Monkey" Trial
+- Fundamentalism = Radical Protestantism
+    - Anti-Modernist Sect. Modernism is integration of science w/ Christ
+    - Literal belief in the Bible
+    - Williams Jennings Bryan, "the Great Commoner", uses fundamentalism
+      as a popular talking point
+        - Passed state laws banning teaching of Darwinian evolution.
+    - These laws only passed in the South
+    - Tennessee state legislature bans teaching of evolution
+        - In Dayton, John Scopes becomes a test case to raise publicity
+          for the depressed Daytonian economy.
+        - William Jennings Bryan called as an expert witness in biblical
+          interpretation
+            - Darrow quizzes Bryan on various biblical stories, asking
+              him if he "really believes" in, for ex., Eve being Adam's
+              rib
+            - Conflict erupted between Darrow and Bryan.
+        - Scopes is declared guilty but fine not counted
+
+Prohibition and Al Capone
+- Temperance became a test of American patriotism
+    - Brewers were discriminated against for being German
+    - Many wanted to police African-Americans & foreign-born
+    - Initially cut drinking in half
+    - But quickly, floating saloon boats and bootleggers circumvented
+    - 700 million gallons of home-brewed beer, bathtub gin, and
+      stockpiling work around the law.
+        - These liquors were dangerous
+    - Very few Americans respected it
+        - Pres. Warren G Harding served bootleg liquor in White House
+        - Skyrocketing alcohol imprisonments
+    - Increased income for organized crime (Al Capone)
+        - Al Capone scarred by man in bar, "Scarface"
+        - $60 million dollars in revenues
+        - Hundreds of unsolved murders
+        - Soup kitchen, good tipper, hero to many
+        - Convicted on charges of tax evasion. Dies behind bars
+
+"Crime of the Century"
+Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb
+- Intelligent and wealthy
+- Homosexual partners
+- Engaged in petty crimes: robberies,
+- Believed they were exempt from the law and want to commit a "perfect
+  crime" of murder
+    - Kill Bobby Franks
+    - Send ransom to Franks
+    - Dump body of boy in marsh; it's discovered
+    - Leopold's special glasses left next to the boy and the ransom
+      typewrite style corresponds to his typewriter
+    - Both confess and blame eachother but also blame Nietzche's
+      "superman theory" (some people above the law).
+- Viewed as a feature of breakdown in American morals
+- Clarence Darrow defends Leopold and Loeb
+    - Has them plead guilty
+    - Uses Freud's theory: senseless acts of aggression led by desires
+      out of their control
+    - Trauma as young boys and basically mentally ill
+    - Saves them from death sentence and gets them life