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diff --git a/smith/18_1960s b/smith/18_1960s new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f0dd815 --- /dev/null +++ b/smith/18_1960s @@ -0,0 +1,259 @@ +"The Times Are A Changin'" by Bob Dylan + - Protest song, inspired by folk music + - Telling the "old generation" to get out of the way of the new one. + - Big generation gap in the 1960s, with many college students + questioning the establishment, like Johnson admin and the war. + +Topics +- Black Power +- The Left and counterculture +- New Feminism + +70% of African-Americans living in "blighted urban areas" +- Losing faith in Christian non-violence +- Inner city poverty led to Race Riots in Los Angeles + - $35bn in property damage. + - White liberals believed Black Power was to blame for breakdown in + civility in race relations, rather than poverty, police presence. + - Based in beliefs that: for too long black people accepted white + people and white institutions' promises which were controlling and + defining black America. + - Black people insisted on shaping their own movement, agenda, and + destiny. + - Stokey Carmichael: "This nation does not function by morality, + love, and nonviolence; it functions by power, and power requires + that blacks, not well-intentioned whites, control their own + institutions, their own neighborhoods." + - "Black is beautiful." Some black people didn't *want* + integration + - Malcolm X embraced political independence for black people, + racial pride, and a rejection of 'white society.' + - He grew up without his parents, at 6 father killed and + soon after mother put in mental care. + - Malcom had become a drug dealer, thief, criminal, pimp in + Mass State Prison. Reformed by it. Joined Chicagoan + Religious Sect of "Nation of Islam." (actually an + amalgamation of various movements, not Orthodox Islam) + - Elijah Mohammed, leader of Nation of Islam, preached + separation between the races. Believed there could be no + peace between whihte people and black people. Preached that + whites were devils. + - Malcolm becomes a preacher making speeches attacking white + racism and supporting black power. + - Called modern Civil Rights leaders modern-day Uncle Toms. + - "Who ever heard of a revolution where they sang 'we shall + overcome?'" + - Malcolm completed the Hajj to Mecca, but moved away from + Mohammed. Assassins from Nation of Islam killed Malcolm X. + - He was not the only black militant. Black Power. + - Carmichael pushed whites out of the organization + - "Smash everything western civilization has created." +Black Panthers +- Militant self-defense organization +- Called for end to police terrorism, decent housing, schools, full + employment. +- Wore black berets, leather clothes, and armed themselves with rifles + and shotguns. +- Huey Newton did not believe in nonviolent movements because they + didn't work + - Police the police, use violence to maintain power. + - Sought to develop self-governing communities (separation from + whites, self-determinatino) +- Organized free breakfast programs for children, clinics, job programs. +- Cities across America developed chapters of Black Panthers. +- Defense against police from right to bear arms. + - Violent Black Panthers "constituted a threat to America." Hoover + (FBI?) built a comprehensive plan to undermine Black Power + community + - FBI + infighting destroyed the movement by '80s +- MLK stressed that war in Vietnam was stealing from the poor, and black + soldiers were dying disproportionately in Vietnam. + - Black Studies programs in schools and colleges + - Black mayors, representatives + + +The Youth Revolt and the New Left +- Young people realized they couldn't support the inequality "sustaining + the American Dream" +- More than half of Americans were under 30. Baby boomers. Hadn't + experienced economic depression or major war. +- Universities were huge institutions dependent on government funding, + esp. state department. + - Students wary of military-industrial complex. +- Disillusioned young people flowed into two distinct but often + overlapping movements: the New Left and the Counterculture. +- UMich students organized in SDS, many children of communists, + leftists, or Jewish. + - One, Hayden, wrote a manifesto: bred in moderate comfort, housed + in universities, looking uncomfortably at the world we inherited. + - Adopted the term "New Left" to describe their attempts at + improving democracy rather than the old left of orthodox Marxism. + - Very pragmatic. More than 100 colleges had SDS (Students for a + Democratic Society) chapters + - Worked with Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to support + voter registration in Mississippi. + - School chancellor banned student protests, and students had a + sit-in. Students formed free speech movement. + - Originally for students rights + - Eventually mounted a larger criticism of the larger system and + bureaucracy. +The Antiwar Movement +- Young men didn't want to fight the conflict + - Overwhelmingly a poor man's war. + - Young men often were able to go to college to delay + - Some 2K young men ignored draft notices, and 4K served prison + - Conscientious objector status: present evidence authenticating + their moral, ethical, or religious opposition to war and mil. + - When granted, had to perform "alternative civilian + service." "Hell no, we won't go." Fleeing to other + countries. Fail the physical tests. + - Black and Latino draftees twice as likely to be selected. +The Counterculture +- Most rebellious Americans were not narrowly political + - They did not want elected office, but cultural change. +- Disaffected young rebels, hippies +- Rejected pursuit of wealth, careers + - Embraced simple living, peace, freedom + - Lead considerably more virtuous lives than their fellow citizens. +- Hippies preferred to drop out of society. "Make love, not war." + - Whereas New Left wanted social change. + - Egalitarian, optimistic, indulgent: rejected corporations, + military, colleges, families, etc. +- Mind-altering drugs, casual sex, communes, unusual casual clothing. +- Timothy Leary, "high priest of psychedelic revolution" dismissed from + Harvard as a prof for using students in tests of drugs: "Tune in, turn + on, and drop out." + - Crusaded for "expanded consciousness" + - LSD made some young people commit suicide + - Nixon called Leary "most dangerous man in America." + - Illegal drugs like amphetamines, LSD, heroin were centralized in + counterculture. + - Bob Dylan declared "everyone must get stoned" + - Summer of Love (1967): series of nationwide events protesting + Vietnam War and celebrating Youth Revolt. +Yippies (like Hippies) +- Jerry Rubin wanted a "fun revolution" + - Comedians, politics, "overthrow the power structure" + - "The first part of the revolutionary program is to kill your + parents." End of the Protestant Ethic: "Screw work. We want to + find ourselves." +- Wanted to offer the people an alternative lifestyle + - "Other than conform or die" + - Based on superficial idea of Native Americans. +- Abbie Hoffman wanted to "build a new nation" + - Threatened to put LSD in Chicago water supply + - Nominated pig for president, urged voters to put "none of the + above" +- For some, Hippie culture was about experimenting with alternative + lifestyle, like deliberate communes. + - Many moved to the country side or set up communes in cities. + +- Hippies' favorite performers became those under the influence of + mind-altering drugs, the acid rock bands like Grateful Dead, Jefferson + Airplane. + - Giant "picnics with music" concerts. + - 3 Days of Peace & Music (Woodstock) + - Rainstorms, thunder, mud + - "Technicolor, mud-splattered reflection of 1960s" + - Th + - Foolishly hired Hell's Angel motorcycle gang; one killed an + African-American man, destroying much innocence. + - By 1969, Hippie phenomenon began to end based on criminal + culture: mental and physical illness of flower children, + poverty, etc. But strands survived in yoga, meditation, food + co-ops, etc. + +Feminism +- First Wave was about right to vote +- Second Wave challenged conventional "Female Domesticity," asked for + equality in the workplace. +- Many women in 1960s did not believe equality was possible or even + desirable + - A poll showed the majority believing the man should make decisions +- Although Equal Pay Act made it illegal to underpay women for the same + job, discrimination and harassment continued +- Betty Friedan, supplemented husband's income by writing for newspapers + - Leader of postwar women's student + - At Smith College, wrote newspaper and argued against the war + - Progressive journalist arguing for labor unions, + equal-pay-equal-work, end to racial or gender discrimination in + housing. +- "The Femininine Mystique" by Friedan + - Launched the Third Wave of feminism + - Argued upper and middle class women had lost ground since the war, + becoming full-time wives and mothers. "Happy Homemaker syndrome + undermined intellectual capacity and public ambition." + - Did not discuss women of color, poor people, or those w/o + homes + - Blamed discrimination against women on "massive postwar + campaign" by advertisers, women's mags. to embrace "feminine + mystique," where "fulfillment came only with marriage and + motherhood." + - defined 'the problem that has no name.' + - Women working outside the home, which Friedan wasn't well aware + of, discovered their dissatisfaction with working two full-time + jobs (outside and inside the home) + - National Organization of Women (NOW) promoted "true equality for + all women in America." +- Ms. magazine from Gloria Steinam + - Feminist periodical with national readership + - 8K copies sold out in 8 days. + - Had 1/2 mn subscribers by end of first year. + - Gave energy and expanded scope of third wave. + - Steinam studied on scholarship in India. + - Impoverished upbringing. + - Magazine called Show paid her to go undercover as a Playboy bunny + at the Playboy Club. Wrote "I was a Playboy Bunny." + - Degrading treatment and inequitable pay. Made her famous. + - Political writer, favored progressivism and feminism. + - Steinam had an illegal abortion, and told her story to a 1969 + event; proved lifechanging as she "sensed a great blinding + lightbulb." Committed herself to women's liberation. + - Insisted on sharing the lectern with a woman of color. + - "Many diverse feminisms" + - Quickly became the face of feminism + - "Nothing for women to read controlled by women." + - Listed editors alphabetically so as not to imply a hierarchy + because "hierarchies were male." + - The magazine focused on controversial stuff like abortions, + pornography, discrimination. + - Supported Women's Studies +- Friedan accused Steinam of "female chauvinism" + - Steinam called marriage as prostitution + - Critics accused her of "liking men too much" + - Alice Walker, black woman, resigned, believing mag covers showed + white women disproportionately. + - She persevered + +New Feminists, Women's livers +- Lived through Civil War +- Held women's meetings about the problems and society + - Realized that "living as a woman in a man's world" was their + shared problem. + - Sexual politics: women organize a political movement + - Feminism wasn't previously politicized + - Friedan's radical position: "the personal is political" + - Friedan called lesbianism a divisive distraction. + - NOW eventually endorsed gay and lesbian rights. + - Want to transform "every aspect of society" + +Miss America Beauty Pageant, Atlantic City, 1968 +- Women organize a protest at the pageant. +- Both protest the pageant and the US's general attitude toward women. +- Organized by a radical feminist believing "the personal is political." + - Wanted to bring the Women's Liberation movement "into the public + arena" +- Boycott of Companies about the pageant +- Didn't allow male reporters to interview protestors +- Document of 10 Reasons Why They're Protesting + - The consumeristic corporate endorsement of the pageant + - The value of beauty as women's worth + - Encouragement of bland, apolitical woman's place. + - "No more Miss America" +- "All women are beautiful"; "Cattle parades are demeaning to human + beings" +- Freedom Trash Can of "oppressive objects" + - Officials asked women not to set the Trash Can on fire because the + wooden boardwalk was flammable +- This did introduce feminism into the mainstream consciousness. +- This thread continued into the 1970s |