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diff --git a/smith/16_jfk b/smith/16_jfk new file mode 100644 index 0000000..70c202b --- /dev/null +++ b/smith/16_jfk @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +President Kennedy supported a "New Frontier for America." + +Feb 1960: Civil Rights Movement gaining momentum. First sit-in of four +African-American students at café. Waited 40min, read bibles, Henry +Thoreau's essay, brought back more. Continued. Similar sit-ins across +country. Greensboro officials lifted whites-only policy. Meal-ins at +churches and wait-ins at public pools. Much violence against protestors. + +Presidential Election during 1960 + - Kennedy v. Nixon, pretty similar histories + - Both more interested in foreign affairs than domestics. + - Eisenhower couldn't name any major accomplishment of Nixon, his VP + - Nixon led anti-Communist hearings + - Became known as cunning deceiver + - Kennedy was "more pragmatic than ideological," charismatic, + political celebrity. 35th pres. + - Rich and powerful Roman Catholic family, accomplished wife + - First presidential debate: Nixon had a virus, described as + menacing, pale, sickly. + - Kennedy's father, a business, engineered his campaign to support + books, helped him win. + - Kennedy saw Cold War as a conflict between capitalist godliness + and ruthless godlessness of the Soviets. + - Kennedy saw civil rights as an obstacle because he needed Southern + whites' votes, but he did help free MLK from prison. + - One million leaflets distributed by civil rights people to black + churches in favor of Kennedy. + +Kennedy's inaugural speech was about "keeping America strong" and +"reducing friction with Soviets." "We shall do [anything] to protect +liberty. So ask ... what you can do for your country." +- Kennedy suffered from serious medical problems, despite his strong, + healthy image. +- Kennedy appointed his entirely inexperienced brother as AG. +- Mixed success with foreign affairs + - Absolutely bungled Bay of Pigs. Believed it would inspire + anti-Castro Cubans to rebel, but his advisors were entirely + inaccurate on how effective the Cuban exiles would be. + - Castro had 20K soldiers waiting + - JFK refused to support the rebels when he realized he was + failing + - Elevated position of Fidel Castro. +- Gorbachev was empowered and threatened to take all of Berlin. JFK + brought in troops to demonstrate power. The Soviets built the wall, + becoming a propaganda weapon for the US. + +JFK didn't want to support the Civil Rights movement until he needed to +because it would lose support of Southern Democrats. +Freedom Rides were Civil Rights movement about desegregating +buses/public transport by occupying them. +Much pushback on Freedom Rides. +MLK, in church, held meeting to honor freedom riders. Attacked by white +racists; JFK urged Alabama governor to intervene. Freedom riders were +jailed, despite federal judges ruling in their favor. + +Bobby Kennedy realized segregationists, like Mississippi governor, would +never stand down to the White House trying to integrate black people. +White mob shouting "go to hell, JFK" against people trying to protect +one black student, required JFk to send in the national guard. + +The Battle of Ole Miss +- Violent white supremacists trying to barricade the campus vs. +- Marshals, gassing the mob that was burning cars, throwing molotovs, + etc. +- Eventually, after thousands of nat. guard sent in, the student + registered at Ole Miss. +- One journalist: "it's as if the Civil War never ended." + +- Cuban Missile Crisis approved by Gorbachev. Felt justified because, + after Bay of Pigs, US installed missiles in Turkey. +- Over 13 days, Kennedy and a Security Council figured out a plan to + remove the missiles. Discussed the "unthinkable possibility of a + nuclear exchange with the Soviets." + - "Not a real strategic threat." + - Eventually, National Security Council settled on two options: + - airstrike of missiles and invasion if necessary + - Bay of Pigs made JFK fearful of this. + - Also feared that invasion of Cuba would allow Sovs to take + over West Berline and cause WW3 + - JFK supported: blockade of Cuba to prevent more missiles. + - Kruschev agreed to move the missiles in exchange for: + - US secretly removing Turkish missiles + - Promise not to invade Cuba + - Relationship between Sovs and US improved because approaching the + brink of Cold War made them soften Cold War rhetoric. + +Birmingham, Alabama. Supremacists refuse to negotiate with Civil Rights +Activists. +- Alabam led by openly racist George Wallace, promising to uphold + segregation regardless of the cost. +- MLK felt that breaking segregation in Alabama would display + segregationist brutality to the world. + - Millions of Americans were outraged + - 3000 demonstrators + - wrote "letter from a Birmingham Jail," a defense of nonviolent + civil disobedience + - Biggest foe of change was the white moderate: "I agree with + you in the goal you seek, but I do not agree with you in your + methods." + - JFK supported the Civil Rights movement eventually + - Called it a moral issue + - Killing of Medgar Evers, a black kid, caused JFK to hold a meeting + with Civil Rights leaders. + - The March of Washington for Jobs and Freedom + - Largest political demonstration in history + - "You didn't see blacks or whites; you saw America." + - Civil Rights activists gave speeches, entertainers sang + protest songs + - "I Have a Dream" speech was improvised. +Remained "A dream deferred" for some time. + - KKK attacked a church, killing four. + - Sparked a new wave of indignation. +- Lee Harvey Oswald killed Kennedy in Kansas. + - Oswald idolized Castro and hated the US. + - Also called a policeman + - JFK seemed to have a premonition: "We're heading into nut country + today. If someone wants to shoot me from a window with a rifle, no + one can stop it, so why worry about it?" he told his wife. + - This was at the end of the election, when Kennedy was on the + campaign trail. + +Next up, Lyndon B Johnson diff --git a/smith/17_lbj b/smith/17_lbj new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65cf477 --- /dev/null +++ b/smith/17_lbj @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ +LBJ was very much a proponent of civil rights in his administration: + - Pro-women + - Pro-racial equality + - Pro-gay/lesbian + - But the Great Society promised too much. + - The Cold War caused the War in Vietnam + - Most controversial, least successful war in the nation's + history + +What was Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson trying to do with the war on poverty +and the "Great Society?" + +What were his achievements in the Civil Rights movement? Why did +activists push him to support him? + +Why did he escalate a war in Vietnam? What were the consequences for his +political career and the US? + +LBJ is a white Texan, sworn in in 1963 from JFK's VP spot. +- Rags to riches story: worked his way out of poverty +- Ego and insecurities were as massive as his vanity and ambition + - Couldn't stand being alone and insisted on + - "My war on Vietnam," "my cabinet," "my ideas" + - Cruel idealist, brutal optimist + - Wanted to be the greatest president, genuine compassion for the + poor and civil rights (in part motivated by political desire to + bring the South into mainstream political life) + - First job was at school in Texas teaching poor Mexican children. + - His wife said, "Johnson loved the human race, and half of the + human race were women." + - Poll taxes, literacy taxes, inconvenient application process + continued. + - Intimidation with beatings, lynchings. + - LBJ wanted to force Mississippi to enfranchise black people in + Mississippi. + - (Mostly) idealistic white college students helped black people + register, navigate the system in Mississippi Freedom Summer. + - Mississippians prepared for "communist invasion" by doubling + police force and stockpiling weapons. + - KKK and white racists harassed, arrested, and insulted volunteers. + - Jun 1964: volunteers abducted and murdered by Klan members, + along with black people + - "End of innocence." + - Black Americans began to question MLK's nonviolence strategy + because of belief that Feds wouldn't protect them from white + racists + - Young black people, especially, were radicalizing. + - Congress passes Civil Rights Act, and LBJ signs it into + law. + +- Personal talks with senators to produce the Civil Rights Act of 1964. +- Johnson put all his chips on the table, betting on the Civil Rights + Act. +LBJ feared the Civil Rights Act would cost him the presidency. +- Americans rediscovered poverty in 1962 with "The Other America" by + Michael Harrington (>40mn ppl were mired in a culture of poverty, + which caused cultural issues; much more extensive because it was + hidden from view in inner cities, isolated rural areas) + - LBJ's declares war on poverty to establish a legislative package + with real impact. + - Kennedy wanted his advisors, before assassination, to investigate + solutions +War on Poverty included a bunch of stuff: +- grants to small farmers +- loans to businesses that hire the chronically unemployed +- later the foodstamps program +- student loans, early preschool + +Election of 1964 +- Republican Conservative counter-attack by Barry Goldwater + - Square-jaw straight-talking leader. + - One of six Republican senators voting against Civil Rights Act, + explaining it in fear of a police state. + - Wanted to vastly reduce programs like Social Security. + - Out of his depth as a Pres Candidate, advised wholesale bombing of + Vietnam. + - Called War on Poverty a waste of money; didn't want feds to + provide money for education. +- Johnson framed himself as a responsible centrist. +- Goldwater was vastly rejected, with only 38.4% of the popular vote and + 52 electoral votes from AZ and the deep south. +- Johnson misread his popularity as a mandate for massive changes. + - "Every day I'm in office, I'm going to lose votes." + - "You need to get this legislation done fast." + - Rich and Powerful, Great society w/o poverty + - Medicare and Medicaid, Higher Education Act, Immigration Act + of 1965 + - Federal govt = powerful lever for improving the life of all Ams +- Opposition of AMA had stalled equal health insurance coverage. + - They stood by the Republicans only supporting free healthcare for + those over 65. + - LBJ got Medicare and Medicaid. + - Higher Education Act = low-rate loans, grants, scholarships +- Immigration Act or Hart-Celler Act + - Sweeping bipartisan change to Immigration Policy. + - Redress the wrong done to those from Southeast Europe and Africa + and Asia. + - Fixed the "old system" of advantaging GB, France, etc + +- Marchers in Selma assaulted by state and local police. "Bloody Sunday" + televised for the entire country to witness + - MLK was torn between a second march or not and supported a second + march. + - Federal judge authorized feds to protect the protest. + - MLK advised "creative nonviolence." + - South became a Republican stronghold as white voters began + switching parties. + +Note: this is like gibberish. read the book for better info. + +LBJ was similar to Wilson in that his "crusading idealism" would hurt +him + +The "Vietnam thing" was wearing him down, while racial violence in +cities was rising. + - Viet Cong, a guerilla force, was trying to implement a communist + takeover of US-backed regime (from the South). + - Vietminh led by Ho Chi Minh, a seasoned revolutionary, supported a + revolution against colonial Japan, with power in Northern Vietnam. + - Supported independence. + - Declared creation of Democratic Republic of Vietnam with + capital in Hanoi + - French underestimated determination to maintain independence + and tried to restore the colonial regime. + - French forces regained cities, but Vietminh controlled + countryside. + - Predicted that French would give in before Vietnamese. + - By end of 1953, Eisenhower was paying nearly 80% of French + military effort in Vietnam. + - 55K Vietminh fighters dug trenches and tunnels, starting + from Dec, to surround French forces by March, who tried to + take control by airdropping into Dien Bien Phu. + - Eisenhower refused to support French colonial rule in SEA + because it was politically impossible unless GB stepped in + (plus nuclear forces were entirely off the table) + - Geneva Accords gave Laos and Cambodia independence, and + divided Vietnam at 47th parallel. Viet Minh got control of + the north, while French maintained southern control until + national elections in 1956. + - Eisenhower began providing aid to Premier Diem, installed + by France, who autocratically opposed any disapproval. + - Eisenhower contended its only option with Diem was + "sink or swim" and invaded on basis of domino theory. + - Diem didn't do social and economic reforms or hold + democratic elections. Opposed Buddhist majority. + - Eisenhower: >$1bn in aid. JFK sent "advisors," + military, more money. + - US military relocated Vietnamese peasants to + "strategic hamlets" surrounded with barbed wire to + "protect" them from the Viet Cong + - National Liberation Front (NLF) in South. + - South Vietnam essentially became a US colony, with + much monetary support diverted to corrupt politicians. + - Tonkin Gulf Resolution was official justification for Johnson. + - Acting on false information that Vietnamese had attacked US + ships, the info from Robert McNamara (Sec of State). But + America actually attacked Vietnamese first. + - Empowered pres. to "take all necessary measures" to protect. + - Johnson interpreted as a Congressional declaration of war + - Unlimited military authority + - Only 2 senators voted against it + - Johnson implemented Operation Rolling Thunder + - Sustained bombing campaign of Northern Vietnam + - Created two fronts: US war planes bombing the north and the + south with ground combat. + - Search and Destroy missions against Viet Cong + - War of attrition, wanted to kill as many Viet Cong as + possible. They blended into villages, so American soldiers + killed villagers. + - War criticism grew, but Johnson said "we will not withdraw" + (viewed it as a test of manliness) + - Sec McNamara told Johnson the situation seemed worse than + a year ago. Proposed three options: + - Cut losses and withdraw + - Stay in at current level + - Build up forces and apply pressure, despite inefficacy + of existing methods. + - By end of war effort, 540K soldiers in Vietnam. + - Johnson thought the war was unwinnable. + - Did not want to be blamed for losing it to communism + - US was actually fighting to prevent the Viet Cong from + winning. + +Antiwar Movement +- College campuses hosted teach-ins critical of war effort + - Professors gathered to teach students about policy in Vietnam. +- Nightly television accounts of Vietnam questioned accuracy of + statements claiming an American win. "Living room war" +- Johnson became occupied with the war, demanding information about + enemy movements and control over attacks, bombings, etc. +Tet Offensive (1968) +- First day of Vietnamese new year +- Surprise coordinated attack from North Vietnam on US, South Vietnam + forces. +- Within a few days, American firepower took back power, but damage had + been done. +- Huge political impact in US turning Americans against the war + - Scope and intensity of the offensive made people realize that + winning the war wasn't happening. +- Clifford, who replaced McNamara, advised Johnson that the US was mired + in a sinkhole. Federal funds earmarked for war on poverty "swallowed + up by the war effort." $2bn each month in Vietnam. + +McCarthy pushed a "Dump Johnson" message in 1968 Dem Primary. +Bobby Kennedy, NY senator launched opposition to Johnson reelection. +- This opposition devastated Lyndon Johnson. +- Johnson rejected nomination from his party because he raised some + false hopes by overpromising. + - Vietnamese troops remained for 5 more years, but limited war vs. + absolute war (from vietnamese) meant US couldn't win. The effort + to win ended after Johnson was removed. diff --git a/smith/18_1960s b/smith/18_1960s new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f0dd815 --- /dev/null +++ b/smith/18_1960s @@ -0,0 +1,259 @@ +"The Times Are A Changin'" by Bob Dylan + - Protest song, inspired by folk music + - Telling the "old generation" to get out of the way of the new one. + - Big generation gap in the 1960s, with many college students + questioning the establishment, like Johnson admin and the war. + +Topics +- Black Power +- The Left and counterculture +- New Feminism + +70% of African-Americans living in "blighted urban areas" +- Losing faith in Christian non-violence +- Inner city poverty led to Race Riots in Los Angeles + - $35bn in property damage. + - White liberals believed Black Power was to blame for breakdown in + civility in race relations, rather than poverty, police presence. + - Based in beliefs that: for too long black people accepted white + people and white institutions' promises which were controlling and + defining black America. + - Black people insisted on shaping their own movement, agenda, and + destiny. + - Stokey Carmichael: "This nation does not function by morality, + love, and nonviolence; it functions by power, and power requires + that blacks, not well-intentioned whites, control their own + institutions, their own neighborhoods." + - "Black is beautiful." Some black people didn't *want* + integration + - Malcolm X embraced political independence for black people, + racial pride, and a rejection of 'white society.' + - He grew up without his parents, at 6 father killed and + soon after mother put in mental care. + - Malcom had become a drug dealer, thief, criminal, pimp in + Mass State Prison. Reformed by it. Joined Chicagoan + Religious Sect of "Nation of Islam." (actually an + amalgamation of various movements, not Orthodox Islam) + - Elijah Mohammed, leader of Nation of Islam, preached + separation between the races. Believed there could be no + peace between whihte people and black people. Preached that + whites were devils. + - Malcolm becomes a preacher making speeches attacking white + racism and supporting black power. + - Called modern Civil Rights leaders modern-day Uncle Toms. + - "Who ever heard of a revolution where they sang 'we shall + overcome?'" + - Malcolm completed the Hajj to Mecca, but moved away from + Mohammed. Assassins from Nation of Islam killed Malcolm X. + - He was not the only black militant. Black Power. + - Carmichael pushed whites out of the organization + - "Smash everything western civilization has created." +Black Panthers +- Militant self-defense organization +- Called for end to police terrorism, decent housing, schools, full + employment. +- Wore black berets, leather clothes, and armed themselves with rifles + and shotguns. +- Huey Newton did not believe in nonviolent movements because they + didn't work + - Police the police, use violence to maintain power. + - Sought to develop self-governing communities (separation from + whites, self-determinatino) +- Organized free breakfast programs for children, clinics, job programs. +- Cities across America developed chapters of Black Panthers. +- Defense against police from right to bear arms. + - Violent Black Panthers "constituted a threat to America." Hoover + (FBI?) built a comprehensive plan to undermine Black Power + community + - FBI + infighting destroyed the movement by '80s +- MLK stressed that war in Vietnam was stealing from the poor, and black + soldiers were dying disproportionately in Vietnam. + - Black Studies programs in schools and colleges + - Black mayors, representatives + + +The Youth Revolt and the New Left +- Young people realized they couldn't support the inequality "sustaining + the American Dream" +- More than half of Americans were under 30. Baby boomers. Hadn't + experienced economic depression or major war. +- Universities were huge institutions dependent on government funding, + esp. state department. + - Students wary of military-industrial complex. +- Disillusioned young people flowed into two distinct but often + overlapping movements: the New Left and the Counterculture. +- UMich students organized in SDS, many children of communists, + leftists, or Jewish. + - One, Hayden, wrote a manifesto: bred in moderate comfort, housed + in universities, looking uncomfortably at the world we inherited. + - Adopted the term "New Left" to describe their attempts at + improving democracy rather than the old left of orthodox Marxism. + - Very pragmatic. More than 100 colleges had SDS (Students for a + Democratic Society) chapters + - Worked with Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to support + voter registration in Mississippi. + - School chancellor banned student protests, and students had a + sit-in. Students formed free speech movement. + - Originally for students rights + - Eventually mounted a larger criticism of the larger system and + bureaucracy. +The Antiwar Movement +- Young men didn't want to fight the conflict + - Overwhelmingly a poor man's war. + - Young men often were able to go to college to delay + - Some 2K young men ignored draft notices, and 4K served prison + - Conscientious objector status: present evidence authenticating + their moral, ethical, or religious opposition to war and mil. + - When granted, had to perform "alternative civilian + service." "Hell no, we won't go." Fleeing to other + countries. Fail the physical tests. + - Black and Latino draftees twice as likely to be selected. +The Counterculture +- Most rebellious Americans were not narrowly political + - They did not want elected office, but cultural change. +- Disaffected young rebels, hippies +- Rejected pursuit of wealth, careers + - Embraced simple living, peace, freedom + - Lead considerably more virtuous lives than their fellow citizens. +- Hippies preferred to drop out of society. "Make love, not war." + - Whereas New Left wanted social change. + - Egalitarian, optimistic, indulgent: rejected corporations, + military, colleges, families, etc. +- Mind-altering drugs, casual sex, communes, unusual casual clothing. +- Timothy Leary, "high priest of psychedelic revolution" dismissed from + Harvard as a prof for using students in tests of drugs: "Tune in, turn + on, and drop out." + - Crusaded for "expanded consciousness" + - LSD made some young people commit suicide + - Nixon called Leary "most dangerous man in America." + - Illegal drugs like amphetamines, LSD, heroin were centralized in + counterculture. + - Bob Dylan declared "everyone must get stoned" + - Summer of Love (1967): series of nationwide events protesting + Vietnam War and celebrating Youth Revolt. +Yippies (like Hippies) +- Jerry Rubin wanted a "fun revolution" + - Comedians, politics, "overthrow the power structure" + - "The first part of the revolutionary program is to kill your + parents." End of the Protestant Ethic: "Screw work. We want to + find ourselves." +- Wanted to offer the people an alternative lifestyle + - "Other than conform or die" + - Based on superficial idea of Native Americans. +- Abbie Hoffman wanted to "build a new nation" + - Threatened to put LSD in Chicago water supply + - Nominated pig for president, urged voters to put "none of the + above" +- For some, Hippie culture was about experimenting with alternative + lifestyle, like deliberate communes. + - Many moved to the country side or set up communes in cities. + +- Hippies' favorite performers became those under the influence of + mind-altering drugs, the acid rock bands like Grateful Dead, Jefferson + Airplane. + - Giant "picnics with music" concerts. + - 3 Days of Peace & Music (Woodstock) + - Rainstorms, thunder, mud + - "Technicolor, mud-splattered reflection of 1960s" + - Th + - Foolishly hired Hell's Angel motorcycle gang; one killed an + African-American man, destroying much innocence. + - By 1969, Hippie phenomenon began to end based on criminal + culture: mental and physical illness of flower children, + poverty, etc. But strands survived in yoga, meditation, food + co-ops, etc. + +Feminism +- First Wave was about right to vote +- Second Wave challenged conventional "Female Domesticity," asked for + equality in the workplace. +- Many women in 1960s did not believe equality was possible or even + desirable + - A poll showed the majority believing the man should make decisions +- Although Equal Pay Act made it illegal to underpay women for the same + job, discrimination and harassment continued +- Betty Friedan, supplemented husband's income by writing for newspapers + - Leader of postwar women's student + - At Smith College, wrote newspaper and argued against the war + - Progressive journalist arguing for labor unions, + equal-pay-equal-work, end to racial or gender discrimination in + housing. +- "The Femininine Mystique" by Friedan + - Launched the Third Wave of feminism + - Argued upper and middle class women had lost ground since the war, + becoming full-time wives and mothers. "Happy Homemaker syndrome + undermined intellectual capacity and public ambition." + - Did not discuss women of color, poor people, or those w/o + homes + - Blamed discrimination against women on "massive postwar + campaign" by advertisers, women's mags. to embrace "feminine + mystique," where "fulfillment came only with marriage and + motherhood." + - defined 'the problem that has no name.' + - Women working outside the home, which Friedan wasn't well aware + of, discovered their dissatisfaction with working two full-time + jobs (outside and inside the home) + - National Organization of Women (NOW) promoted "true equality for + all women in America." +- Ms. magazine from Gloria Steinam + - Feminist periodical with national readership + - 8K copies sold out in 8 days. + - Had 1/2 mn subscribers by end of first year. + - Gave energy and expanded scope of third wave. + - Steinam studied on scholarship in India. + - Impoverished upbringing. + - Magazine called Show paid her to go undercover as a Playboy bunny + at the Playboy Club. Wrote "I was a Playboy Bunny." + - Degrading treatment and inequitable pay. Made her famous. + - Political writer, favored progressivism and feminism. + - Steinam had an illegal abortion, and told her story to a 1969 + event; proved lifechanging as she "sensed a great blinding + lightbulb." Committed herself to women's liberation. + - Insisted on sharing the lectern with a woman of color. + - "Many diverse feminisms" + - Quickly became the face of feminism + - "Nothing for women to read controlled by women." + - Listed editors alphabetically so as not to imply a hierarchy + because "hierarchies were male." + - The magazine focused on controversial stuff like abortions, + pornography, discrimination. + - Supported Women's Studies +- Friedan accused Steinam of "female chauvinism" + - Steinam called marriage as prostitution + - Critics accused her of "liking men too much" + - Alice Walker, black woman, resigned, believing mag covers showed + white women disproportionately. + - She persevered + +New Feminists, Women's livers +- Lived through Civil War +- Held women's meetings about the problems and society + - Realized that "living as a woman in a man's world" was their + shared problem. + - Sexual politics: women organize a political movement + - Feminism wasn't previously politicized + - Friedan's radical position: "the personal is political" + - Friedan called lesbianism a divisive distraction. + - NOW eventually endorsed gay and lesbian rights. + - Want to transform "every aspect of society" + +Miss America Beauty Pageant, Atlantic City, 1968 +- Women organize a protest at the pageant. +- Both protest the pageant and the US's general attitude toward women. +- Organized by a radical feminist believing "the personal is political." + - Wanted to bring the Women's Liberation movement "into the public + arena" +- Boycott of Companies about the pageant +- Didn't allow male reporters to interview protestors +- Document of 10 Reasons Why They're Protesting + - The consumeristic corporate endorsement of the pageant + - The value of beauty as women's worth + - Encouragement of bland, apolitical woman's place. + - "No more Miss America" +- "All women are beautiful"; "Cattle parades are demeaning to human + beings" +- Freedom Trash Can of "oppressive objects" + - Officials asked women not to set the Trash Can on fire because the + wooden boardwalk was flammable +- This did introduce feminism into the mainstream consciousness. +- This thread continued into the 1970s |