watched 3 hist lectures and updated PROGRESS

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+President Kennedy supported a "New Frontier for America."
+
+Feb 1960: Civil Rights Movement gaining momentum. First sit-in of four
+African-American students at café. Waited 40min, read bibles, Henry
+Thoreau's essay, brought back more. Continued. Similar sit-ins across
+country. Greensboro officials lifted whites-only policy. Meal-ins at
+churches and wait-ins at public pools. Much violence against protestors.
+
+Presidential Election during 1960
+    - Kennedy v. Nixon, pretty similar histories
+    - Both more interested in foreign affairs than domestics.
+    - Eisenhower couldn't name any major accomplishment of Nixon, his VP
+    - Nixon led anti-Communist hearings
+        - Became known as cunning deceiver
+    - Kennedy was "more pragmatic than ideological," charismatic,
+      political celebrity. 35th pres.
+        - Rich and powerful Roman Catholic family, accomplished wife
+    - First presidential debate: Nixon had a virus, described as
+      menacing, pale, sickly.
+    - Kennedy's father, a business, engineered his campaign to support
+      books, helped him win.
+    - Kennedy saw Cold War as a conflict between capitalist godliness
+      and ruthless godlessness of the Soviets.
+    - Kennedy saw civil rights as an obstacle because he needed Southern
+      whites' votes, but he did help free MLK from prison.
+    - One million leaflets distributed by civil rights people to black
+      churches in favor of Kennedy.
+
+Kennedy's inaugural speech was about "keeping America strong" and
+"reducing friction with Soviets." "We shall do [anything] to protect
+liberty. So ask ... what you can do for your country."
+- Kennedy suffered from serious medical problems, despite his strong,
+  healthy image.
+- Kennedy appointed his entirely inexperienced brother as AG.
+- Mixed success with foreign affairs
+    - Absolutely bungled Bay of Pigs. Believed it would inspire
+      anti-Castro Cubans to rebel, but his advisors were entirely
+      inaccurate on how effective the Cuban exiles would be.
+        - Castro had 20K soldiers waiting
+        - JFK refused to support the rebels when he realized he was
+          failing
+        - Elevated position of Fidel Castro.
+- Gorbachev was empowered and threatened to take all of Berlin. JFK
+  brought in troops to demonstrate power. The Soviets built the wall,
+  becoming a propaganda weapon for the US.
+
+JFK didn't want to support the Civil Rights movement until he needed to
+because it would lose support of Southern Democrats.
+Freedom Rides were Civil Rights movement about desegregating
+buses/public transport by occupying them.
+Much pushback on Freedom Rides.
+MLK, in church, held meeting to honor freedom riders. Attacked by white
+racists; JFK urged Alabama governor to intervene. Freedom riders were
+jailed, despite federal judges ruling in their favor.
+
+Bobby Kennedy realized segregationists, like Mississippi governor, would
+never stand down to the White House trying to integrate black people.
+White mob shouting "go to hell, JFK" against people trying to protect
+one black student, required JFk to send in the national guard.
+
+The Battle of Ole Miss
+- Violent white supremacists trying to barricade the campus vs.
+- Marshals, gassing the mob that was burning cars, throwing molotovs,
+  etc.
+- Eventually, after thousands of nat. guard sent in, the student
+  registered at Ole Miss.
+- One journalist: "it's as if the Civil War never ended."
+
+- Cuban Missile Crisis approved by Gorbachev. Felt justified because,
+  after Bay of Pigs, US installed missiles in Turkey.
+- Over 13 days, Kennedy and a Security Council figured out a plan to
+  remove the missiles. Discussed the "unthinkable possibility of a
+  nuclear exchange with the Soviets."
+    - "Not a real strategic threat."
+    - Eventually, National Security Council settled on two options:
+        - airstrike of missiles and invasion if necessary
+            - Bay of Pigs made JFK fearful of this.
+            - Also feared that invasion of Cuba would allow Sovs to take
+              over West Berline and cause WW3
+        - JFK supported: blockade of Cuba to prevent more missiles.
+    - Kruschev agreed to move the missiles in exchange for:
+        - US secretly removing Turkish missiles
+        - Promise not to invade Cuba
+    - Relationship between Sovs and US improved because approaching the
+      brink of Cold War made them soften Cold War rhetoric.
+
+Birmingham, Alabama. Supremacists refuse to negotiate with Civil Rights
+Activists.
+- Alabam led by openly racist George Wallace, promising to uphold
+  segregation regardless of the cost.
+- MLK felt that breaking segregation in Alabama would display
+  segregationist brutality to the world.
+    - Millions of Americans were outraged
+    - 3000 demonstrators 
+        - wrote "letter from a Birmingham Jail," a defense of nonviolent
+          civil disobedience
+        - Biggest foe of change was the white moderate: "I agree with
+          you in the goal you seek, but I do not agree with you in your
+          methods."
+    - JFK supported the Civil Rights movement eventually
+        - Called it a moral issue
+    - Killing of Medgar Evers, a black kid, caused JFK to hold a meeting
+      with Civil Rights leaders.
+    - The March of Washington for Jobs and Freedom 
+        - Largest political demonstration in history
+        - "You didn't see blacks or whites; you saw America."
+        - Civil Rights activists gave speeches, entertainers sang
+          protest songs
+        - "I Have a Dream" speech was improvised.
+Remained "A dream deferred" for some time.
+    - KKK attacked a church, killing four.
+    - Sparked a new wave of indignation.
+- Lee Harvey Oswald killed Kennedy in Kansas.
+    - Oswald idolized Castro and hated the US.
+        - Also called a policeman
+    - JFK seemed to have a premonition: "We're heading into nut country
+      today. If someone wants to shoot me from a window with a rifle, no
+      one can stop it, so why worry about it?" he told his wife.
+        - This was at the end of the election, when Kennedy was on the
+          campaign trail.
+
+Next up, Lyndon B Johnson
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+LBJ was very much a proponent of civil rights in his administration:
+    - Pro-women
+    - Pro-racial equality
+    - Pro-gay/lesbian
+    - But the Great Society promised too much.
+    - The Cold War caused the War in Vietnam
+        - Most controversial, least successful war in the nation's
+          history
+
+What was Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson trying to do with the war on poverty
+and the "Great Society?"
+
+What were his achievements in the Civil Rights movement? Why did
+activists push him to support him?
+
+Why did he escalate a war in Vietnam? What were the consequences for his
+political career and the US?
+
+LBJ is a white Texan, sworn in in 1963 from JFK's VP spot.
+- Rags to riches story: worked his way out of poverty
+- Ego and insecurities were as massive as his vanity and ambition
+    - Couldn't stand being alone and insisted on 
+    - "My war on Vietnam," "my cabinet," "my ideas"
+    - Cruel idealist, brutal optimist
+    - Wanted to be the greatest president, genuine compassion for the
+      poor and civil rights (in part motivated by political desire to
+      bring the South into mainstream political life)
+    - First job was at school in Texas teaching poor Mexican children.
+    - His wife said, "Johnson loved the human race, and half of the
+      human race were women."
+    - Poll taxes, literacy taxes, inconvenient application process
+      continued.
+        - Intimidation with beatings, lynchings.
+    - LBJ wanted to force Mississippi to enfranchise black people in
+      Mississippi.
+        - (Mostly) idealistic white college students helped black people
+          register, navigate the system in Mississippi Freedom Summer.
+        - Mississippians prepared for "communist invasion" by doubling
+          police force and stockpiling weapons.
+    - KKK and white racists harassed, arrested, and insulted volunteers.
+        - Jun 1964: volunteers abducted and murdered by Klan members,
+          along with black people
+        - "End of innocence."
+        - Black Americans began to question MLK's nonviolence strategy
+          because of belief that Feds wouldn't protect them from white
+          racists
+            - Young black people, especially, were radicalizing.
+            - Congress passes Civil Rights Act, and LBJ signs it into
+              law.
+
+- Personal talks with senators to produce the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
+- Johnson put all his chips on the table, betting on the Civil Rights
+  Act.
+LBJ feared the Civil Rights Act would cost him the presidency.
+- Americans rediscovered poverty in 1962 with "The Other America" by
+  Michael Harrington (>40mn ppl were mired in a culture of poverty,
+  which caused cultural issues; much more extensive because it was
+  hidden from view in inner cities, isolated rural areas)
+    - LBJ's declares war on poverty to establish a legislative package
+      with real impact.
+    - Kennedy wanted his advisors, before assassination, to investigate
+      solutions
+War on Poverty included a bunch of stuff:
+- grants to small farmers
+- loans to businesses that hire the chronically unemployed
+- later the foodstamps program
+- student loans, early preschool
+
+Election of 1964
+- Republican Conservative counter-attack by Barry Goldwater
+    - Square-jaw straight-talking leader.
+    - One of six Republican senators voting against Civil Rights Act,
+      explaining it in fear of a police state.
+    - Wanted to vastly reduce programs like Social Security.
+    - Out of his depth as a Pres Candidate, advised wholesale bombing of
+      Vietnam.
+    - Called War on Poverty a waste of money; didn't want feds to
+      provide money for education.
+- Johnson framed himself as a responsible centrist.
+- Goldwater was vastly rejected, with only 38.4% of the popular vote and
+  52 electoral votes from AZ and the deep south.
+- Johnson misread his popularity as a mandate for massive changes.
+    - "Every day I'm in office, I'm going to lose votes."
+    - "You need to get this legislation done fast."
+    - Rich and Powerful, Great society w/o poverty
+        - Medicare and Medicaid, Higher Education Act, Immigration Act
+          of 1965
+    - Federal govt = powerful lever for improving the life of all Ams
+- Opposition of AMA had stalled equal health insurance coverage.
+    - They stood by the Republicans only supporting free healthcare for
+      those over 65.
+    - LBJ got Medicare and Medicaid.
+    - Higher Education Act = low-rate loans, grants, scholarships
+- Immigration Act or Hart-Celler Act
+    - Sweeping bipartisan change to Immigration Policy.
+    - Redress the wrong done to those from Southeast Europe and Africa
+      and Asia.
+        - Fixed the "old system" of advantaging GB, France, etc
+
+- Marchers in Selma assaulted by state and local police. "Bloody Sunday"
+  televised for the entire country to witness
+    - MLK was torn between a second march or not and supported a second
+      march.
+        - Federal judge authorized feds to protect the protest.
+        - MLK advised "creative nonviolence."
+    - South became a Republican stronghold as white voters began
+      switching parties.
+
+Note: this is like gibberish. read the book for better info.
+
+LBJ was similar to Wilson in that his "crusading idealism" would hurt
+him
+
+The "Vietnam thing" was wearing him down, while racial violence in
+cities was rising.
+    - Viet Cong, a guerilla force, was trying to implement a communist
+      takeover of US-backed regime (from the South).
+    - Vietminh led by Ho Chi Minh, a seasoned revolutionary, supported a
+      revolution against colonial Japan, with power in Northern Vietnam.
+        - Supported independence.
+        - Declared creation of Democratic Republic of Vietnam with
+          capital in Hanoi
+        - French underestimated determination to maintain independence
+          and tried to restore the colonial regime.
+            - French forces regained cities, but Vietminh controlled
+              countryside.
+            - Predicted that French would give in before Vietnamese.
+        - By end of 1953, Eisenhower was paying nearly 80% of French
+          military effort in Vietnam.
+            - 55K Vietminh fighters dug trenches and tunnels, starting
+              from Dec, to surround French forces by March, who tried to
+              take control by airdropping into Dien Bien Phu.
+            - Eisenhower refused to support French colonial rule in SEA
+              because it was politically impossible unless GB stepped in
+              (plus nuclear forces were entirely off the table)
+            - Geneva Accords gave Laos and Cambodia independence, and
+              divided Vietnam at 47th parallel. Viet Minh got control of
+              the north, while French maintained southern control until
+              national elections in 1956.
+            - Eisenhower began providing aid to Premier Diem, installed
+              by France, who autocratically opposed any disapproval.
+                - Eisenhower contended its only option with Diem was
+                  "sink or swim" and invaded on basis of domino theory.
+                - Diem didn't do social and economic reforms or hold
+                  democratic elections. Opposed Buddhist majority.
+                - Eisenhower: >$1bn in aid. JFK sent "advisors,"
+                  military, more money.
+                - US military relocated Vietnamese peasants to
+                  "strategic hamlets" surrounded with barbed wire to
+                  "protect" them from the Viet Cong
+                - National Liberation Front (NLF) in South.
+                - South Vietnam essentially became a US colony, with
+                  much monetary support diverted to corrupt politicians.
+    - Tonkin Gulf Resolution was official justification for Johnson.
+        - Acting on false information that Vietnamese had attacked US
+          ships, the info from Robert McNamara (Sec of State). But
+          America actually attacked Vietnamese first.
+        - Empowered pres. to "take all necessary measures" to protect.
+        - Johnson interpreted as a Congressional declaration of war
+            - Unlimited military authority
+        - Only 2 senators voted against it
+    - Johnson implemented Operation Rolling Thunder
+        - Sustained bombing campaign of Northern Vietnam
+        - Created two fronts: US war planes bombing the north and the
+          south with ground combat.
+        - Search and Destroy missions against Viet Cong
+            - War of attrition, wanted to kill as many Viet Cong as
+              possible. They blended into villages, so American soldiers
+              killed villagers.
+        - War criticism grew, but Johnson said "we will not withdraw"
+          (viewed it as a test of manliness)
+            - Sec McNamara told Johnson the situation seemed worse than
+              a year ago. Proposed three options:
+                - Cut losses and withdraw
+                - Stay in at current level
+                - Build up forces and apply pressure, despite inefficacy
+                  of existing methods.
+        - By end of war effort, 540K soldiers in Vietnam.
+            - Johnson thought the war was unwinnable.
+            - Did not want to be blamed for losing it to communism
+            - US was actually fighting to prevent the Viet Cong from
+              winning.
+
+Antiwar Movement
+- College campuses hosted teach-ins critical of war effort
+    - Professors gathered to teach students about policy in Vietnam.
+- Nightly television accounts of Vietnam questioned accuracy of
+  statements claiming an American win. "Living room war"
+- Johnson became occupied with the war, demanding information about
+  enemy movements and control over attacks, bombings, etc.
+Tet Offensive (1968)
+- First day of Vietnamese new year
+- Surprise coordinated attack from North Vietnam on US, South Vietnam
+  forces.
+- Within a few days, American firepower took back power, but damage had
+  been done.
+- Huge political impact in US turning Americans against the war
+    - Scope and intensity of the offensive made people realize that
+      winning the war wasn't happening.
+- Clifford, who replaced McNamara, advised Johnson that the US was mired
+  in a sinkhole. Federal funds earmarked for war on poverty "swallowed
+  up by the war effort." $2bn each month in Vietnam.
+
+McCarthy pushed a "Dump Johnson" message in 1968 Dem Primary.
+Bobby Kennedy, NY senator launched opposition to Johnson reelection.
+- This opposition devastated Lyndon Johnson.
+- Johnson rejected nomination from his party because he raised some
+  false hopes by overpromising.
+    - Vietnamese troops remained for 5 more years, but limited war vs.
+      absolute war (from vietnamese) meant US couldn't win. The effort
+      to win ended after Johnson was removed.
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+"The Times Are A Changin'" by Bob Dylan
+    - Protest song, inspired by folk music
+    - Telling the "old generation" to get out of the way of the new one.
+    - Big generation gap in the 1960s, with many college students
+      questioning the establishment, like Johnson admin and the war.
+
+Topics
+- Black Power
+- The Left and counterculture
+- New Feminism
+
+70% of African-Americans living in "blighted urban areas"
+- Losing faith in Christian non-violence
+- Inner city poverty led to Race Riots in Los Angeles
+    - $35bn in property damage.
+    - White liberals believed Black Power was to blame for breakdown in
+      civility in race relations, rather than poverty, police presence.
+    - Based in beliefs that: for too long black people accepted white
+      people and white institutions' promises which were controlling and
+      defining black America.
+    - Black people insisted on shaping their own movement, agenda, and
+      destiny.
+    - Stokey Carmichael: "This nation does not function by morality,
+      love, and nonviolence; it functions by power, and power requires
+      that blacks, not well-intentioned whites, control their own
+      institutions, their own neighborhoods."
+        - "Black is beautiful." Some black people didn't *want*
+          integration
+        - Malcolm X embraced political independence for black people,
+          racial pride, and a rejection of 'white society.'
+            - He grew up without his parents, at 6 father killed and
+              soon after mother put in mental care.
+            - Malcom had become a drug dealer, thief, criminal, pimp in
+              Mass State Prison. Reformed by it. Joined Chicagoan
+              Religious Sect of "Nation of Islam." (actually an
+              amalgamation of various movements, not Orthodox Islam)
+        - Elijah Mohammed, leader of Nation of Islam, preached
+          separation between the races. Believed there could be no
+          peace between whihte people and black people. Preached that
+          whites were devils.
+            - Malcolm becomes a preacher making speeches attacking white
+              racism and supporting black power.
+            - Called modern Civil Rights leaders modern-day Uncle Toms.
+            - "Who ever heard of a revolution where they sang 'we shall
+              overcome?'"
+            - Malcolm completed the Hajj to Mecca, but moved away from
+              Mohammed. Assassins from Nation of Islam killed Malcolm X.
+            - He was not the only black militant. Black Power.
+                - Carmichael pushed whites out of the organization
+                - "Smash everything western civilization has created."
+Black Panthers
+- Militant self-defense organization
+- Called for end to police terrorism, decent housing, schools, full
+  employment.
+- Wore black berets, leather clothes, and armed themselves with rifles
+  and shotguns.
+- Huey Newton did not believe in nonviolent movements because they
+  didn't work
+    - Police the police, use violence to maintain power.
+    - Sought to develop self-governing communities (separation from
+      whites, self-determinatino)
+- Organized free breakfast programs for children, clinics, job programs.
+- Cities across America developed chapters of Black Panthers.
+- Defense against police from right to bear arms.
+    - Violent Black Panthers "constituted a threat to America." Hoover
+      (FBI?) built a comprehensive plan to undermine Black Power
+      community
+        - FBI + infighting destroyed the movement by '80s
+- MLK stressed that war in Vietnam was stealing from the poor, and black
+  soldiers were dying disproportionately in Vietnam.
+    - Black Studies programs in schools and colleges
+    - Black mayors, representatives
+
+
+The Youth Revolt and the New Left
+- Young people realized they couldn't support the inequality "sustaining
+  the American Dream"
+- More than half of Americans were under 30. Baby boomers. Hadn't
+  experienced economic depression or major war.
+- Universities were huge institutions dependent on government funding,
+  esp. state department.
+    - Students wary of military-industrial complex.
+- Disillusioned young people flowed into two distinct but often
+  overlapping movements: the New Left and the Counterculture.
+- UMich students organized in SDS, many children of communists,
+  leftists, or Jewish.
+    - One, Hayden, wrote a manifesto: bred in moderate comfort, housed
+      in universities, looking uncomfortably at the world we inherited.
+    - Adopted the term "New Left" to describe their attempts at
+      improving democracy rather than the old left of orthodox Marxism.
+    - Very pragmatic. More than 100 colleges had SDS (Students for a
+      Democratic Society) chapters
+    - Worked with Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to support
+      voter registration in Mississippi.
+    - School chancellor banned student protests, and students had a
+      sit-in. Students formed free speech movement.
+        - Originally for students rights
+        - Eventually mounted a larger criticism of the larger system and
+          bureaucracy.
+The Antiwar Movement
+- Young men didn't want to fight the conflict
+    - Overwhelmingly a poor man's war.
+    - Young men often were able to go to college to delay 
+    - Some 2K young men ignored draft notices, and 4K served prison
+        - Conscientious objector status: present evidence authenticating
+          their moral, ethical, or religious opposition to war and mil.
+            - When granted, had to perform "alternative civilian
+              service." "Hell no, we won't go." Fleeing to other
+              countries. Fail the physical tests.
+    - Black and Latino draftees twice as likely to be selected.
+The Counterculture
+- Most rebellious Americans were not narrowly political
+    - They did not want elected office, but cultural change.
+- Disaffected young rebels, hippies
+- Rejected pursuit of wealth, careers
+    - Embraced simple living, peace, freedom
+    - Lead considerably more virtuous lives than their fellow citizens.
+- Hippies preferred to drop out of society. "Make love, not war."
+    - Whereas New Left wanted social change.
+    - Egalitarian, optimistic, indulgent: rejected corporations,
+      military, colleges, families, etc.
+- Mind-altering drugs, casual sex, communes, unusual casual clothing.
+- Timothy Leary, "high priest of psychedelic revolution" dismissed from
+  Harvard as a prof for using students in tests of drugs: "Tune in, turn
+  on, and drop out."
+    - Crusaded for "expanded consciousness"
+    - LSD made some young people commit suicide
+    - Nixon called Leary "most dangerous man in America."
+    - Illegal drugs like amphetamines, LSD, heroin were centralized in
+      counterculture.
+        - Bob Dylan declared "everyone must get stoned"
+        - Summer of Love (1967): series of nationwide events protesting
+          Vietnam War and celebrating Youth Revolt.
+Yippies (like Hippies)
+- Jerry Rubin wanted a "fun revolution"
+    - Comedians, politics, "overthrow the power structure"
+    - "The first part of the revolutionary program is to kill your
+      parents." End of the Protestant Ethic: "Screw work. We want to
+      find ourselves."
+- Wanted to offer the people an alternative lifestyle
+    - "Other than conform or die"
+    - Based on superficial idea of Native Americans.
+- Abbie Hoffman wanted to "build a new nation"
+    - Threatened to put LSD in Chicago water supply
+    - Nominated pig for president, urged voters to put "none of the
+      above"
+- For some, Hippie culture was about experimenting with alternative
+  lifestyle, like deliberate communes.
+    - Many moved to the country side or set up communes in cities.
+
+- Hippies' favorite performers became those under the influence of
+  mind-altering drugs, the acid rock bands like Grateful Dead, Jefferson
+  Airplane.
+    - Giant "picnics with music" concerts.
+    - 3 Days of Peace & Music (Woodstock)
+        - Rainstorms, thunder, mud
+        - "Technicolor, mud-splattered reflection of 1960s"
+        - Th
+        - Foolishly hired Hell's Angel motorcycle gang; one killed an
+          African-American man, destroying much innocence.
+        - By 1969, Hippie phenomenon began to end based on criminal
+          culture: mental and physical illness of flower children,
+          poverty, etc. But strands survived in yoga, meditation, food
+          co-ops, etc.
+
+Feminism
+- First Wave was about right to vote
+- Second Wave challenged conventional "Female Domesticity," asked for
+  equality in the workplace.
+- Many women in 1960s did not believe equality was possible or even
+  desirable
+    - A poll showed the majority believing the man should make decisions
+- Although Equal Pay Act made it illegal to underpay women for the same
+  job, discrimination and harassment continued
+- Betty Friedan, supplemented husband's income by writing for newspapers
+    - Leader of postwar women's student
+    - At Smith College, wrote newspaper and argued against the war
+    - Progressive journalist arguing for labor unions,
+      equal-pay-equal-work, end to racial or gender discrimination in
+      housing.
+- "The Femininine Mystique" by Friedan
+    - Launched the Third Wave of feminism
+    - Argued upper and middle class women had lost ground since the war,
+      becoming full-time wives and mothers. "Happy Homemaker syndrome
+      undermined intellectual capacity and public ambition."
+        - Did not discuss women of color, poor people, or those w/o
+          homes
+        - Blamed discrimination against women on "massive postwar
+          campaign" by advertisers, women's mags. to embrace "feminine
+          mystique," where "fulfillment came only with marriage and
+          motherhood."
+            - defined 'the problem that has no name.'
+    - Women working outside the home, which Friedan wasn't well aware
+      of, discovered their dissatisfaction with working two full-time
+      jobs (outside and inside the home)
+    - National Organization of Women (NOW) promoted "true equality for
+      all women in America."
+- Ms. magazine from Gloria Steinam
+    - Feminist periodical with national readership
+        - 8K copies sold out in 8 days.
+        - Had 1/2 mn subscribers by end of first year.
+    - Gave energy and expanded scope of third wave.
+    - Steinam studied on scholarship in India.
+    - Impoverished upbringing.
+    - Magazine called Show paid her to go undercover as a Playboy bunny
+      at the Playboy Club. Wrote "I was a Playboy Bunny."
+        - Degrading treatment and inequitable pay. Made her famous.
+    - Political writer, favored progressivism and feminism.
+    - Steinam had an illegal abortion, and told her story to a 1969
+      event; proved lifechanging as she "sensed a great blinding
+      lightbulb." Committed herself to women's liberation.
+    - Insisted on sharing the lectern with a woman of color.
+        - "Many diverse feminisms"
+        - Quickly became the face of feminism
+        - "Nothing for women to read controlled by women."
+        - Listed editors alphabetically so as not to imply a hierarchy
+          because "hierarchies were male."
+    - The magazine focused on controversial stuff like abortions,
+      pornography, discrimination.
+        - Supported Women's Studies
+- Friedan accused Steinam of "female chauvinism"
+    - Steinam called marriage as prostitution
+    - Critics accused her of "liking men too much"
+    - Alice Walker, black woman, resigned, believing mag covers showed
+      white women disproportionately.
+    - She persevered
+
+New Feminists, Women's livers
+- Lived through Civil War 
+- Held women's meetings about the problems and society
+    - Realized that "living as a woman in a man's world" was their
+      shared problem.
+    - Sexual politics: women organize a political movement
+        - Feminism wasn't previously politicized
+        - Friedan's radical position: "the personal is political"
+        - Friedan called lesbianism a divisive distraction.
+        - NOW eventually endorsed gay and lesbian rights.
+    - Want to transform "every aspect of society"
+
+Miss America Beauty Pageant, Atlantic City, 1968
+- Women organize a protest at the pageant.
+- Both protest the pageant and the US's general attitude toward women.
+- Organized by a radical feminist believing "the personal is political."
+    - Wanted to bring the Women's Liberation movement "into the public
+      arena"
+- Boycott of Companies about the pageant
+- Didn't allow male reporters to interview protestors
+- Document of 10 Reasons Why They're Protesting
+    - The consumeristic corporate endorsement of the pageant
+    - The value of beauty as women's worth
+    - Encouragement of bland, apolitical woman's place.
+    - "No more Miss America"
+- "All women are beautiful"; "Cattle parades are demeaning to human
+  beings"
+- Freedom Trash Can of "oppressive objects"
+    - Officials asked women not to set the Trash Can on fire because the
+      wooden boardwalk was flammable
+- This did introduce feminism into the mainstream consciousness.
+- This thread continued into the 1970s