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Why did the founders choose federalism?
- Anti-confederal: common problems (trade agreements, war, treaties)
- Anti-unitary: Geographic size prevented national control of locals.
- "Sectionalism"
    - San Francisco, highly socially liberal
    - Milton, FL, much more socially conservative
    - National policies CANNOT address regional audiences.
    - BUT national policies still need to exist
- Federalism maintains the right power balance
    - National can't overimpose on states

American Federalism
- National
    - Enumerated (expressed) powers
        - Coin money, declare war, etc
    - Implied (more vague) powers
        - "Necessary and proper", "Elastic clause"
            - lets power of congress stretch based on power balance
    - Inherent (basic) powers
        - Treaties, wage war, expand territory
- States
    - Reserved powers
        - 10th amendment delegates the remaining powers
        - Congress, Supreme Court have specified this more precisely.
- Other powers
    - Concurrent powers: state and US share
        - Taxes
        - Criminal system
    - Prohibited powers
        - States cannot form standing army
        - Federal cannot form interstate tariffs

- Supremacy Clause (Article 6)
    - Feds trump states
- Vertical "checks and balances"
- "All states are created equal"
    - "Horizontal Federalism"