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The Progressive Era
- T. Roosevelt leads
Questions:
What were the main motives of progressive reformers?
What were the specific goals of progressive reformers?
What contribution did T. Roosevelt make to the progressive movement? How
did his successors Taft and Wilson differ?
Political innovation
- Change in pres. leadership
Middle class: disruptive crisis of democracy
- Child labor
- Industrial poverty
- Contaminated food, miserable conditions, poor pay
- Churches, charity, individuals, and expanded government
- Widening gap between rich and poor in Gilded Age
- Poor farmfolk in cities
Progressives are liberals championing capitalism who wanted to reform it
Christian Mormonists who want:
- Gov (state, local, federal) to handle urban-industrial growth
- Not a single party, supported by both parties (Rep & Dem)
Urban and rural, populist and socialist
Laborers and organizers, every profession
White and black
Make government more efficient and business more honest.
Social sciences from universities should be used to legislate:
- Sometimes hypocritical
- White supremacy, ignoring racial issues
- "Those who know better"
- Better regulation for trusts, more efficient gov
Layoffs from 1893
- Rise of populist movement
- Progressive response
- Both agree that laissez-faire failed America
Progressive period establishes:
- Secret ballot
- Direct election of senators
- FDA
- Women's suffrage
- Income tax
National Association for Women's Action (NAWA) and Women's Christian
Temperance Union (WCTU):
- Society is a macrocosm of the home
- Alcohol at the center of many problems: vice, crime, prostitution
- Temperance = Prohibition
- Carrie Nation, member of progressive movement
- Inspired by evangelical protestantism
- Smashed saloons throughout the Great Plains
- "Men are nicotine-soaked, beer-besmirched,
whiskey-greased, red-eyed devils"
- Arrested 30 times for violence
Muckrakers reveal abuses
Jacob Riis: "How the Other Half Lives"
T. Roosevelt used muckrakers to raise support for his policies.
1900s: Mclure's magazine raised public knowledge about complex issues:
- Corrupt political machines
- Exposed working poor conditions
Lincoln Steffens's "Shame of the Cities"
- Attacked idea of businessmen as heroes
- Monopolies, politics corrupted by them (bosses, etc)
David Philips's "Treason of the Senate" (Cosmopolitan article)
- 27 senators represented special interest groups, not the people
- 17th amendment directly elects senators
Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle"
- Capitalism is an exploitative system (socialist)
- Attacked greed, proposed collective means
- Packingtown, Chicago slum, had spoiled meat, rodents
- "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident hit its stomach"
- Helped move forward FDA
- Progressivism most dynamic social and political force in the nation
Leon Czolgosz, claiming to be part of socialist/anarchist/pro-people
movement, assassinates William McKinley.
- T. Roosevelt takes over at 42
TR
- Very charismatic
- Motto is old African proverb: "speak softly and carry a big stick"
- Man of action; use existing infrastructure; problems can be solved
- Born into wealth, wife Alice, mother died from typhoid.
- Built up body, became rancher, moved back to become police
chief cracking down on political corruption
- Asst Sec of Navy in Spanish-American war
- Presidency is a bully pulpit
- Platform for delivering moralism
- NY Republican bosses wanted TR out.
- Roosevelt "believed in power."
- Believed presidents should set national agenda
- Imperialist
- Progressivist
- Conservationist: designated 1000s of national parks/forests
Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902
- Accompanied by many other strikes at the time
- Laborers protest cartels
- Companies refused to deal with union
- schools, factories running out of coal, and public opinion turns
- TR used military intervention as a threat to force mediation
TR as a trustbuster:
- Black and white, good and bad ideas
- Liked competition, so disliked trusts/monopolies
TR as an imperialist:
- Presidential, military force
- Wants to build canal in Colombian state of Panama
- Colombia wants more money
- US promises $10M to Panamanian revolters that would have gone to
Colombia
- Uses US military assistance to stop Colombian reinforcements
- Panamanian canal vital to US defense
- US "would not tolerate instability in South America"
Roosevelt corollary to Monroe Doctrine
US would exercise "international police power" to enforce stability
Exercised in Dominican Republic
TR chooses not to run for third term.
William Howard Taft - 1908
Handpicked successor of TR
- sedentary, calm, cautious
- Conflicted with TR, ending their friendship and making TR rival
- Gifford Pinchot (chief of National Forest Service) fired and
replaced with Richard Ballinger who sold public land in West,
Alaska to businesses
- Pushed TR out of the party, and Republicans become party of
big business
- TR runs against Taft for 1912 nomination
- The election is a four person race: Taft, TR, Woodrow Wilson,
Eugene Debs (socialist, not a major player)
- Taft wins Rep. nomination
- Roosevelt runs under Bull Moose (progressive Rep.) party.
- Woodrow Wilson nominated by Dems as progressive with
conservative social values
- Woodrow Wilson: "New Freedom" = Small government, states rights
- Vague on how it would handle big business
- Roosevelt: "New Nationalism" = Strong fed. gov. to regulate private
greed --- prohibit child labor, 8-hour workday, women's suffrage
- Shot in Milwaukee in chest; assassin says no-one should serve 3
terms
- Bullet slowed by eyeglass case and speech.
- TR still gives the speech for 90 minutes
- Wilson wins the election under progressivism
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