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\input mla8.tex
\baselineskip=15pt
\emergencystretch=.15in
\numberfirstpage
\clas{AP World}
\name{Holden} \last{Rohrer}
\prof{Wroblewski}
\header
\title{AP World Overview for Unit 1}
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\section Asia;;;
\ssection Song Dynasty;;;
\sssection Cultural Developments and State-Building;;;
\ssssection Civil Service Exam---an exam comprising rigorous essays on Confucian and Buddhist teachings, used to choose government officials to become a part of the government (displaced earlier feudal systems);;;
\ssssection Centralization---the aggregation of power into an overarching government typically through cultural means (a strategy used by the Song and other empires to expedite societal change);;;
\ssssection Neo-Confucianism---the philosophy created by these approaches, a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism that functioned as a state philosophy and persisted as a bureaucratic framework;;;
\sssection Techonology and Innovation;;;
\ssssection Champa Rice---Fast-ripening rice imported from Vietnam which expanded food production and thus Chinese population. Coordinated with Song state-building because rapid agricultural growth required new bureaucracy;;;
\ssssection Printing Press---Helped educate the population because there was a greater proportion of writing and books and literacy and philosophy;;;
\ssssection Porcelain and Flying Money---Represents the rapid economic growth associated with the Song Dynasty and the requirements of that. New goods were created for the elite to spend this wealth and flying money (paper cash) was necessary to facilitate these transactions;;;
\ssection Islam;;;
\sssection Social Interactions;;;
\ssssection Women in Islam---Islam won favor with women because it was more egalitarian than its competitors. Women could own property, and in private had freedom of dress. This modified social dynamics in the Arab world and abroad, like Buddhism had across Central Asia;;;
\ssssection Sufis---Brotherhoods that organized Islamic society; like missionaries, they helped spread Islam and reinforced the decentralized structure of Islamic society;;;
\sssection Governance. The Abbasid Caliphate was the centralized form of Islam, a theocratic state which governed over much of the Middle East and Northern Africa. However, the religion was necessarily decentralized, so they fell as Muslims sought increased regional governance;;;
\ssssection Turkish slaves were used by Muslim states as troops, which eventually broke off into the Seljuk Sultanate;;;
\ssssection Seljuks were a family which conquered Abbasid land after their fall, but in turn downfell due to climate and other uncontrollable factors;;;
\sssection Technology;;;
\ssssection Contributions to Medicine---Translations of Greek works gave the Muslims a foundation on which to build. Caliphates' infrastructure (hospitals, libraries, universities) magnified this and brought a Golden Age of medicine in which smallpox sterilization was discovered;;;
\ssssection Contributions to Math and Science---Invention of the scientific method, chemistry, and maths were made possible by the physician class from intellectualist caliphs. Islamic beliefs (like praying to Mecca) motivated some specific problems like determining the direction in which to pray for astronomy;;;
\ssection India and Indonesia;;;
\sssection Vijayanagara Empire---A Hindu South Indian empire in the 1300--1600s;;;
\sssection Delhi Sultanate---A North Indian empire heavily influenced by Islam with unification under Islam;;;
\ssssection Economic incentives (taxes on non-Muslims) called ``jizya'' unified the region and obtained similar benefits as Abbasid critical thinking and knowledge;;;
\sssection Srivjaya Empire---A trade empire build in Southeast Asia (Indonesia) to take advantage of maritime trade beginning to replace the Silk Road's overland trade;;;
\ssssection Economics: the specific location was prioritised because it had gold, tin, and forest resources as well as a coastal chokepoint for shipping;;;
\section Africa;;;
\ssection Bantu Migrations---Progressive migration of an African people south on the continent, setting up outposts and bringing agricultural wealth to nomads, later spreading the loosely related culture with early iron tools;;;
\sssection Social Interactions: Represents the gradual spread of ideas typical to this time period, with religion especially;;;
\ssection Mali's Economy---relied on natural wealth (gold, salt, ivory) and gained massive influence to support a large bureaucracy and unimaginably wealthy kings like Mansa Musa;;;
\ssection Ethiopia's Culture---Based in syncretism, Ethiopia's animalistic Christianity blended local religions with those of Christian merchants in order to maintain itself;;;
\section Europe;;;
\ssection Feudalism;;;
\sssection Economics---Serfdom, effectively a form of slavery, was the backbone of feudalism. Knights and local rulers would pass around stakes of land, which at their core were valuable as farming land. Serfs were farmers on this land who created the wealth for their local lords, in turn ``providing protection from others,'' but serfs had few freedoms, often forced to stay in one ``manor'' for a lifetime;;;
\sssection Environment---feudalism, because the manor system required that serfs stayed in one place and only allowed that lords could move freely. This transformed Europe into farmland and otherwise eliminated development of the land (like roads or pollutive manufacturing);;;
\sssection Social Interaction and Technology---stagnant, disconnected peasants didn't generate innovation or invention, so very little new wealth was produced (tech didn't even spread from the nearby developing regions of Abbasid Spain or East Asia);;;
\sssection Governance---the only factor not controlled by a hierarchy of local lords was the Catholic Church. A quasi-empire formed controlled by the pope that limited German kings' influence and commenced re-centralization of Europe; clergy discouraged the feudal system as they became more successful;;;
\section Americas;;;
\ssection Environment---the Aztecs and Incas both built massive cities and wide-reaching infrastructure (such as transportation networks and satellite towns);;;
\ssection Culture---Both practiced forms of state-building that were related to family structures because without domesticable animals, labor required hard work by people and not just administration of livestock;;;
\ssection Aztecs---A Mesoamerican empire based on large family systems and efficient barter economics; a centre of power that formed Mexico;;;
\sssection Tribute System (Economics and Governance)---Provinces and vassals paid tribute to the emperor, directly in goods because no credit or money existed. This promoted urbanization;;;
\ssection Incas---A central American empire over Peru with a very efficient bureaucracy and well-networked society developing into large landholdings and significant goods production;;;
\sssection Ayllu (Society)---Extended family groups providing local governance and efficient exploitation of land as well as organizing large-scale Mita programs with a tribute-style responsibility of these groups;;;
\sssection Khipu (Tech)---Knotted colored cords which transmitted and recorded information like population counts or tributes. These created the high degree of organization and scalability (because the knots were easily transported by messengers) of the Incas;;;
\sssection Mita (Economic systems)---Systemic service to the Incan emperor for development of infrastructure and empirical groundwork (soldiers, messengers) or any other large-scale project of the government; it took advantage of surplus labor created by agricultural abundance (stabilized with storehouses);;;
\bye
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