1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
|
\input mla8.tex
\baselineskip=15pt
\emergencystretch=.15in
\numberfirstpage
\clas{AP World}
\name{Holden} \last{Rohrer}
\prof{Wroblewski}
\header
\title{AP World Overview for Unit 4 (1200--1450)}
\def\pre#1{\par\leavevmode\llap{\hbox to \parindent{\hfil #1 \hfil}}}
\def\alph#1{\ifcase#1
\or a\or b\or c\or d\or e\or f\or g\or h\or i%
\or j\or k\or l\or m\or n\or o\or p\or q\or r%
\or s\or t\or u\or v\or w\or x\or y\or z
\fi
}
\newcount\thesection \thesection=0%
\newcount\thessection \thessection=0%
\newcount\thesssection \thesssection=0%
\newcount\thessssection \thessssection=0%
\def\section#1;;{\advance\thesection by 1{{\pre{\number\thesection.} #1.}\par}\thessection=0}
\def\ssection#1;;{\advance\thessection by 1{\advance\leftskip by .5in{\pre{\alph\thessection.} #1.}\par}\thesssection=0}
\def\sssection#1;;{\advance\thesssection by 1{\advance\leftskip by 1in{\pre{\romannumeral\the\thesssection.} #1.}\par}\thessssection=0}
\def\ssssection#1;;{\advance\thessssection by 1{\advance\leftskip by 1.5in{\pre{\number\thessssection.} #1.}\par}}
\section Europe;;
\ssection Culture;;
\sssection The Renaissance---A shift in European culture towards scholarly and secular pursuits;;
\ssssection Painting---Art became more expressive and new media were explored, like oil painting, because painters were funded by wealthy merchant painters instead of religious elite;;
\ssssection Humanists---Scholars of the humanities (writers, painters, historians). Revived Greco-Roman style and Latin, which modernized Europe by import of Arab scientific and medical texts;;
\ssssection Printing Press (Tech)---With new translations came the necessity to transmit them; innovations on Chinese methods rapidly expanded book supply and literacy;;
\ssection Economic Expansion;;
\sssection Exploration---To establish trade routes and farming outposts (cash crops like sugar and spice), Europeans explored Indian Ocean, African, and American regions;;
\ssssection Prince Henry the Navigator---Portuguese noble who completed and encouraged voyages to Africa for gold trade and discovery of trade routes, representing early development of merchant class;;
\ssssection Trading-Post Empires---Spain and Portugal are the largest in this category of nations which formed global trade relations used to generate wealth;;
\sssection Trade;;
\ssssection Middle Passage---Slave component of New--Old World trade. High mortality, but highly profitable because colonial sugar plantations directly refunded costs;;
\ssssection Mercantilism---European national policies in $16^{\rm th}$ to $18^{\rm th}$ centuries to exclusive trade rights in colonies and promotion of merchants;;
\ssection Christian Missionary Culture;;
\sssection Portuguese and Spanish---Both empires attempted to convert native groups to Christianity in West Africa, East Africa (Ethiopia), across the Indian Ocean, and especially the Americas. Colonialism only helped cement these relations, with permanent outposts to support missionaries;;
\ssection Columbian Exchange (Environment);;
\sssection Crops---Import of potatoes and tubers (cassava) spiked due to their efficiency and easy obfuscation from tax collectors;;
\sssection Importance of Colonialism---The exploitation of native wealth stores (like Inca gold \& silver repositories) and slave trade encouraged populations to migrate (voluntarily or involuntarily) towards the New World.;;
\sssection Economics---Created new mercantile systems from colonialism; Europeans focused more on outward growth instead of goods development;;
\ssection Technology;;
\sssection Ship Designs;;
\ssssection Caravel---A small ship which can have lateen sails used by Portuguese traders to transport goods more rapidly than bulky junks built for highly regular monsoons;;
\section Americas;;
\ssection Culture;;
\sssection Colonial Culture;;
\ssssection Plantocracy---The control of planters and plantations in the Carib\-bean, and across the Americas was massive because economies of scale rewarded large land and slaveholdings, creating wealth inequality;;
\ssssection Racial Hierarchies---The Casta system in New Spain demonstrates a will by colonizers to oppress locals (anyone but Spanish from Spain were inferior, including Creoles---Spanish born in America);;
\ssection Environment;;
\sssection Columbian Exchange;;
\ssssection Deforestation---Environmental damage was great because loose European livestock decimated grasses across N. America and settlers' towns and farming/pastures took up the rest;;
\ssssection Disease---Smallpox and its compatriots are one of the most notable effects of the merger of Eastern and Western hemispheres: millions of Amerindians died to the diseases;;
\ssssection Cash Crops and Oppression---Crops like tobacco and sugar were imported and colonists forced adoption of these. Created plantocracy;;
\ssssection Other Crops---Europeans and Africans incidentally imported gra\-ins, fruit trees, and rice during their colonization. These spread somewhat to natives but moreso developed on the continent;;
\ssssection Animals---Natives took advantage of horses brought by Europeans to the New World, and other livestock for farming;;
\ssssection Ideas---European technology and knowledge spread to natives either directly through trade like the fur trade or by close living quarters;;
\sssection Economics;;
\ssssection Joint-stock Companies---A European innovation to finance mercantile exploits, the Dutch especially used combined private and public investment to fund exploration and foundation of colonies to maintain valuable trade goods in America (e.g. exclusive agreements with colonies restricted Dutch from trading with English colonies);;
\ssection Rebellion---Revolts like the Pueblos under the Spanish were common resistance to colonialism; they drove out the Spanish with unprecedented coordination and cooperation but were unable to stifle their rule for long, Spaniards returning only 14 years later to reinstate their rule, albeit with less religious persecution;;
\section Africa;;
\ssection Slave Trade;;
\sssection Economics---Coming from West Africa and specifically the Congo, slave trade was built on cultural foundation, but often economically ``coerced'' because kings could not prevent kidnappings necessary to sustain it;;
\sssection Demographics---Male population decreased significantly in Africa as they were preferred slaves. This restructured families to fit around the new proportions;;
\sssection Cultural Synthesis---In the Americas, slaves, Europeans, and natives formed new cultures when economically cooperating (like in the Castas);;
\section Asia;;
\ssection Maritime Empires;;
\sssection Indian Ocean Trade;;
\ssssection Isolationism---China and Japan both cut themselves off from int'l (European) trade, seeing attempts to monopolize the region, especially from Portugal;;
\ssssection Continued Trade Networks---Existing trade states like Gujarat, Java, and Swahili continued to flourish even under Portuguese taxation and regulation of the sea;;
\ssssection Mercantilism's Impacts---The promotion of merchants' interests in the Indian Ocean and Atlantic trade meant competition between nations over trade routes (like with Muslims in the Indian Ocean);;
\ssection Culture and Social Hierarchy;;
\sssection Diversity;;
\ssssection Jews---Expelled from Spain and Portugal but found acceptance in Ottoman empire; Ottoman valued internal productivity more than Europe, which was reliant on trade. Therefore, Ottoman Empire had to accept more diversity;;
\bye
|
