watched a couple of Smith lectures

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+Wanted to avoid Europe.
+
+Manifest Destiny
+- US Blessed by god and destined to expand westward
+- Justified imperialism
+    - Spread christianity, capitalist/dem ideals, greed
+    - Create colonies without turning into states
+
+Americans embraced expansionism
+- 1898: America, in one-sided war with Spain becomes ruler of colonies
+
+"Winning of the West" by Teddy Roosevelt
+    America needs to rule the "backwards peoples of the world"
+        Like Amerindians, new subjects
+
+What factors motivated America's new imperialism during the late
+nineteenth century?
+
+Pre-age of empires
+Washington's outgoing address to public:
+    - Avoid factionalism and war (entanglement with European powers)
+        - Isolationism
+[James] Munroe Doctrine:
+    - Non-interference in East and control of West
+    - View interference with US as hostile
+
+1867-1899:
+Imperialism starts
+    - Expanding a nation's power through colonialism, annexation
+James G Blaine (of Garfield cabinet) + other "foreign policy elites"
+    - Believed in aggressive expansion of the US to compete w/ GB, FR
+    - Economic argument: farmers, manufacturers need new markets
+    - Want China as mkt
+    - Believed that expansion would solve domestic problems.
+Frederick Jackson Turner authored a book
+    "The Frontier" builds American character (darwinism, self, manhood)
+    - Battle between native-born white americans and "Indian savages"
+    - The literal frontier is "closed," so develop a "new frontier"
+Alfred Thayer Mahan, military strategist
+    - "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History"
+    - What makes a nation great?
+        Wealth through foreign trade and
+        Protection of distant ports with a powerful navy
+    - Build an isthmus canal protected by US navy
+    - Stepping stones and refueling stations in Pacific (Hawaii, Guam,
+      Wake Island, Philippines)
+Racial/Civilization argument
+    - Spread Christianity, civilization(materialism,property), democracy
+    - Josiath Strong: expansionist minister
+    - "Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis" (1885)
+        - US is in a race with other nations to conquer the world
+Rudyard Kipling
+    - Poem: "The White Man's Burden" (1899)
+    - White Anglo-sax (am,gb) need to govern dark-skinned people
+      ("inferior races") by imposing Christian, American principles
+    - Their duty to establish success and stability of their nations
+
+What were the causes of the Spanish-American War (1898)?
+
+Cuba is a Spanish colony.
+    But it trades more with US than with Spain.
+    US moguls who set up mining, sugar concerned about sec of investment
+Jose Marti, journalist and poet who started revolution
+    Scorched earth policy (burning trains, exploding bridges)
+    Burned American plantations to provoke American involvement
+    Spanish Gen. Valeriano Weyler moves villages of people to other
+        parts of country (concentration camps)
+    During the revolution, Americans worried they wouldn't get the
+    chance to colonise/control Amer. interests
+        McKinley considered buying Cuba and ending conflict
+
+"Penny Press" and Yellow Journalism
+- William Randolph Hearst: NY Journal
+- Joseph Pulitzer: NY World
+- Competing for readership with sensational headlines about possibly
+  invented Spanish atrocities
+    Hearst: newspapers have the duty to shape public opinion, legis.
+        "Have the power to declare war"
+- Yellow Journalism shapes public opinion with false stories
+    - Portray Cubans as light-skinned civilized freedom lovers and
+      Spaniards as dark-skinned brutes
+
+Enrique DuPuy De Lome: Spanish ambassador to US
+    - Called McKinley "weak and bitter for the admiration of the crowd"
+    - USS Maine exploded, killing 260/354. Years later ruled an
+      accident, but warmongerers (like T. Roosevelt, navyman) declared
+      this an act of war
+    - Public liked Spain less and less
+    - "Remember The Maine, and to hell with Spain!"
+    - At first, Spain agreed to every American demand
+    - Apr 20: Congress demanded withdrawal of Spain, and US begins to
+      blockade Cuban ports.
+    - Before war is declared, navy declares victory over Philippines
+        - Dewey, with American navy, easily beats outdated Cuban forces
+        - German and Brit. forces cruised around, waiting to takeover if
+          the US doesn't (it does months later, with backup)
+Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
+    - Roosevelt is pro-imperialism, believing it to make a nation
+      powerful
+    - Rough Riders cavalry become weary walkers
+    - Roosevelt wanted to defeat Spain
+    - Believed that fighting in war was the ultimate test of manhood
+
+What were the consequences of the Spanish-American war for the United
+States?
+
+- Spain surrenders after 4 months
+Dec 10, 1898: US and Spain sign Treaty of Paris
+- Cuba -> independent
+- US annexes PR and Guam as territories
+- US annexes Manila, expecting to take over in US
+- Reinforces Manifest Destiny
+- Europe respects America as an international power
+
+Business and missionaries support annexation to bring commerce and
+Christianity to "the little brown brother" (and penetrate China)
+
+Emilio Aguinaldo -- Filipino General and Independence Leader
+- It came to McKinley that he wanted to annex after many days of
+  decisionmaking: don't give power to Spain/Fr/Germany and don't free
+  because they "cannot self-govern"
+- Locals support independence movements
+    - 1899: Filipinos declare independence
+    - 1899-1902 Filipino-American War
+    - Aguinaldo is president
+    - US fires on "Insurrectos"
+    - Jun 2, Filipino Insurrectos declare war
+    - 4x as many troops, $600M, >200K Filipinos (many civilians), >4K am
+    - 1902: Filipinos were unorganized territory (ineligible for state)
+
+China
+- Japan wins first Sino-Japanese were in 1844-45 and Eur. nations
+  establish spheres of influence
+- Open Door Notes by Sec. of St. John Hay
+    - Nations shouldn't take control of China because market should be
+      available to the world
+    - GB accepts policy, but only GB.
+    - Hay announces all accept policy, but they just didn't disagree
+- Boxers Rebellion (1900) rejects foreign power and destroys foreign
+  embassies
+    - Organization to recover ambassadors