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diff --git a/smith/05_american_empire b/smith/05_american_empire new file mode 100644 index 0000000..377c09b --- /dev/null +++ b/smith/05_american_empire @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +Wanted to avoid Europe. + +Manifest Destiny +- US Blessed by god and destined to expand westward +- Justified imperialism + - Spread christianity, capitalist/dem ideals, greed + - Create colonies without turning into states + +Americans embraced expansionism +- 1898: America, in one-sided war with Spain becomes ruler of colonies + +"Winning of the West" by Teddy Roosevelt + America needs to rule the "backwards peoples of the world" + Like Amerindians, new subjects + +What factors motivated America's new imperialism during the late +nineteenth century? + +Pre-age of empires +Washington's outgoing address to public: + - Avoid factionalism and war (entanglement with European powers) + - Isolationism +[James] Munroe Doctrine: + - Non-interference in East and control of West + - View interference with US as hostile + +1867-1899: +Imperialism starts + - Expanding a nation's power through colonialism, annexation +James G Blaine (of Garfield cabinet) + other "foreign policy elites" + - Believed in aggressive expansion of the US to compete w/ GB, FR + - Economic argument: farmers, manufacturers need new markets + - Want China as mkt + - Believed that expansion would solve domestic problems. +Frederick Jackson Turner authored a book + "The Frontier" builds American character (darwinism, self, manhood) + - Battle between native-born white americans and "Indian savages" + - The literal frontier is "closed," so develop a "new frontier" +Alfred Thayer Mahan, military strategist + - "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" + - What makes a nation great? + Wealth through foreign trade and + Protection of distant ports with a powerful navy + - Build an isthmus canal protected by US navy + - Stepping stones and refueling stations in Pacific (Hawaii, Guam, + Wake Island, Philippines) +Racial/Civilization argument + - Spread Christianity, civilization(materialism,property), democracy + - Josiath Strong: expansionist minister + - "Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis" (1885) + - US is in a race with other nations to conquer the world +Rudyard Kipling + - Poem: "The White Man's Burden" (1899) + - White Anglo-sax (am,gb) need to govern dark-skinned people + ("inferior races") by imposing Christian, American principles + - Their duty to establish success and stability of their nations + +What were the causes of the Spanish-American War (1898)? + +Cuba is a Spanish colony. + But it trades more with US than with Spain. + US moguls who set up mining, sugar concerned about sec of investment +Jose Marti, journalist and poet who started revolution + Scorched earth policy (burning trains, exploding bridges) + Burned American plantations to provoke American involvement + Spanish Gen. Valeriano Weyler moves villages of people to other + parts of country (concentration camps) + During the revolution, Americans worried they wouldn't get the + chance to colonise/control Amer. interests + McKinley considered buying Cuba and ending conflict + +"Penny Press" and Yellow Journalism +- William Randolph Hearst: NY Journal +- Joseph Pulitzer: NY World +- Competing for readership with sensational headlines about possibly + invented Spanish atrocities + Hearst: newspapers have the duty to shape public opinion, legis. + "Have the power to declare war" +- Yellow Journalism shapes public opinion with false stories + - Portray Cubans as light-skinned civilized freedom lovers and + Spaniards as dark-skinned brutes + +Enrique DuPuy De Lome: Spanish ambassador to US + - Called McKinley "weak and bitter for the admiration of the crowd" + - USS Maine exploded, killing 260/354. Years later ruled an + accident, but warmongerers (like T. Roosevelt, navyman) declared + this an act of war + - Public liked Spain less and less + - "Remember The Maine, and to hell with Spain!" + - At first, Spain agreed to every American demand + - Apr 20: Congress demanded withdrawal of Spain, and US begins to + blockade Cuban ports. + - Before war is declared, navy declares victory over Philippines + - Dewey, with American navy, easily beats outdated Cuban forces + - German and Brit. forces cruised around, waiting to takeover if + the US doesn't (it does months later, with backup) +Roosevelt and the Rough Riders + - Roosevelt is pro-imperialism, believing it to make a nation + powerful + - Rough Riders cavalry become weary walkers + - Roosevelt wanted to defeat Spain + - Believed that fighting in war was the ultimate test of manhood + +What were the consequences of the Spanish-American war for the United +States? + +- Spain surrenders after 4 months +Dec 10, 1898: US and Spain sign Treaty of Paris +- Cuba -> independent +- US annexes PR and Guam as territories +- US annexes Manila, expecting to take over in US +- Reinforces Manifest Destiny +- Europe respects America as an international power + +Business and missionaries support annexation to bring commerce and +Christianity to "the little brown brother" (and penetrate China) + +Emilio Aguinaldo -- Filipino General and Independence Leader +- It came to McKinley that he wanted to annex after many days of + decisionmaking: don't give power to Spain/Fr/Germany and don't free + because they "cannot self-govern" +- Locals support independence movements + - 1899: Filipinos declare independence + - 1899-1902 Filipino-American War + - Aguinaldo is president + - US fires on "Insurrectos" + - Jun 2, Filipino Insurrectos declare war + - 4x as many troops, $600M, >200K Filipinos (many civilians), >4K am + - 1902: Filipinos were unorganized territory (ineligible for state) + +China +- Japan wins first Sino-Japanese were in 1844-45 and Eur. nations + establish spheres of influence +- Open Door Notes by Sec. of St. John Hay + - Nations shouldn't take control of China because market should be + available to the world + - GB accepts policy, but only GB. + - Hay announces all accept policy, but they just didn't disagree +- Boxers Rebellion (1900) rejects foreign power and destroys foreign + embassies + - Organization to recover ambassadors |