wwii lecture USH

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+Strong isolationist sentiments
+- FDR called "a spreading epidemic of national lawlessness"
+    - Fascist countries like Germany, Japan, Italy were taking land,
+      breaking int'l law
+    - Wanted to help out GB, FR to stave off war
+    - Fierce debate between isolationists and interventionists
+Pearl Harbor ended the debate, involving the US in the World War.
+- Unified the country, people rushing to enlist
+- Huge government spending on Total War ended the Depression
+End of the war created the Cold War betwen US and Soviet Union.
+
+The Rise of Fascism in Europe
+- Fascism: dictator using propaganda and brute force seizes all parts of
+  civil life (press, etc)
+- Expansionism in Japan based on "master race" ideas like Hitler's
+- Took power over government that couldn't handle unemployment,
+  depression
+- Mussolini: "El Juche," coined fascism
+    - Ordered political opponents murdered
+    - Believed Hitler to be agressive and mad
+- Hitler uses nativist appeals to the masses, "German master race"
+    - "Democracy must be destroyed" -Hitler
+    - Similar political totalitarianism to Italy
+    - Book burning, tyrannical police state
+
+Japanese occupy China
+- China fragmented by civil war between communists and nationalists
+    - Japanese proclaimed Manchuria independent
+    - Battles escalated into Sino-Japanese war
+        - Japanese captured capital, murdering and looting civilians
+- Mussolini, similarly, was conquering Ethiopia
+    - League of Nations retaliated w/ economic sanctions
+- Germany began rebuilding their military in violation of Versailles
+    - Put soldiers in the Rhineland
+    - Convinced Western democracies were cowards who wouldn't stop him
+- Good Neighbor Policy wanted to avoid intervention internationally
+    - Nye Committee worried about "Merchants of Death," war profiteers
+      who pushed America into war
+    - FDR signed neutrality laws to avoid entry into the new war
+    - 1935 Act: Prohibited American manufacturers from selling to
+      belligerents
+    - Roosevelt unsure US should remain neutral
+        - Neutrality Act of 1937 allowed "cash and carry" sale of
+          non-military goods
+
+Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Alliance in 1937
+- Germany seizes Austria, puts up "Jews not wanted" signs
+    - No nation stepped up because Europe couldn't understand his
+      ambition, moves, and lunacy
+    - Germany used threat of war to steal the Sudetenland
+        - Britain and France appeased him with Czech territory
+        - 1938: French and GB prime ministers transferred it
+            - Munich Pact
+        - Germany was not satisfied and took the rest of Czechoslovakia
+    - Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact masks Hitler's intention to take
+      Ukraine
+        - Stalin made a Great Purge of political (including Communist
+          Party) enemies.
+        - Sovs and Germans split up Eastern Europe
+    - Millions of Poles arrested, enslaved, murdered
+
+Spring (after a 3mo wait) 1940: Germany begins attacking Denmark,
+Norway, France
+    - Used Blitzkrieg strategy to stun opponents
+    - GB is left standing alone
+        - Churchill calls Allies a colossal military disaster
+        - Churchill evacuates >300K of other Allies' troops from Dunkirk
+    - Mussolini also declares war on France, GB
+    - Germans want to destroy Royal Air Force, deploying 2500 airplanes,
+      2:1 ratio to GB
+    - Wanted Brits to defend Britain in their "finest hour"
+    - German bombers targeted British cities in night-raids "Blitz"
+    - Britain wins Battle of Britain; Germany switches focus back to Sov
+    - Churchill asked for any aid, specifically destroyers
+        - FDR gave "all aid short of war," destroyer battleships
+        - In exchange for mil bases in Brit. colonies
+        - Congress approved Selective Service Act of peacetime draft
+- The War revitalized FDR
+    - Charles Lindbergh, America First leader, claimed Jews in America
+      pushed FDR to the brink of war
+        - That Britain was doomed and to join hands with Hitler
+        - "Disenfranchise the negro,"
+- Wilkie (pres opponent) opposed FDR believing he would intervene
+    - "Your boys will not go into any foreign wars"
+    - Lend-Lease Act surpassed Cash-Carry, allowing Roosevelt to sell
+      weapons for the defense of the United States
+Escalations in the War
+- German troops joined Italians in Libya
+- Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria under control of Germany; ambition unbound
+- Operation Barbarossa: Germany invaded Soviets to
+    - destroy communism, enslave the population, and take natural rsrcs
+    - Turning point of the war
+    - German forces surround Leningrad
+        - Winter set in, but Leningrad held out despite dying people
+        - Some German armies reach Moscow
+    - For isolationists, wanted to bleed the dictatorships to the death
+        - Keep Nazis fighting USSR to protect Britain
+        - US sends enough supplies to clothe every Russian soldier
+    - Stalin classified surrendering soldiers as traitors
+    - By late summer of 1941, US was no longer neutral
+        - With Churchill, Roosevelt drew up Atlantic Charter to promote
+          self-determination, economic cooperation, sea freedom, and UN
+        - Undeclared war in Atlantic told warships to protect convoys
+          across to Iceland
+        - Germany began to sink German warships
+        - 1940: US freezes all Japanese assets and embargoes
+            - Tripartite pact of Axis declared mutual protection against
+              any attack of any nation
+            - Japan needed oil, declared full control of French Indoch
+            - Time Magazine claimed restriction of oil exports was war
+            - Embargo purportedly because of Chinese occupation
+            - US and Japan realize attacks would happen. Japan secretly
+              sends out surprise battleship attack to Hawaii
+                - Failed because bombers ignored maintenance, oil tanks
+    - After Pearl Harbor, Congress authorizes war on Japan
+        - Hitler believed he couldn't lose the war
+
+- US attacks U-Boats, which had been a major strategic advantage
+    - Stalin insisted Brits and Americans attack Nazis to draw them
+      out of Russia.
+        - Instead, they attack strongholds in Eastern countries
+    - Treaty required defeat of Germany before Japan
+    - Roosevelt, first president to fly abroad or go to Africa during
+      pres, meets at Casablanca.
+        - Roosevelt and Churchill step up bombing campaign against Germ
+        - Increase supplies to Germany
+        - Attack Sicily
+        - Americans announce the war will only end on unconditional
+          surrender
+    - Germany defends Sicilian attack; maintains stalemate
+        - Jun 1944, US forces enter Rome. Allies took control of Italy
+    - Tehran developed United Nations
+        - Roosevelt had "grown to like Stalin"; Stalin bugged Roosevelt
+- Dwight Eisenhower --- Supreme Allied Commander --- plans Operation
+  Overlord
+    - Very detail-oriented
+    - Huge gamble, most complex operation
+    - Amassed 5 million tons of military equipment
+    - 370K soldiers of 5K ships attacked Normandy
+    - Much drowning and capsizing, misdelivered boats, bodies pile up
+    - In 3 weeks, Allies had landed more than a million troops
+        - Small compared to Soviet offensive a few weeks later
+            - Killed, wounded, captured more German soldiers (350K) than
+              stationed in all of Western Europe a few weeks later
+    - D-Day was a turning point: final victory a matter of time
+    - Managed to surprise Germans; fooled them into thinking it was Lise
+    - Germany was teetering
+- Yalta Declaration saved face for US,UK
+    - Soviet Army "liberated" Eastern Germany, Czech, others. Plundered
+      resources and rebuilded in the Union, imprisoning dissenters
+    - Yalta Conference agreed to UN meetings
+    - Roosevelt died before Germany surrendered
+- Hitler married his mistress Eva Braun the day of surrender
+    - Mussolini and wife killed and hung
+    - Eva and Adolf bodies were burned after poison/bullet
+    - V- "Victory in Europe" Day
+    - Japan still ongoing and Europe needed rebuilding
+
+The Holocaust
+- Systematic pogrom against Jews
+- Not fully revealed until the end of the war
+    - Although stories were coming out in 1942
+    - Ghastly stories were beyond belief until the Allies liberated.
+    - Eisenhower made sick by the Holocaust
+    - American anti-semitism was feared, so American Senators wouldn't
+      acknowledge Holocaust before it was undeniably revealed.