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diff --git a/smith/13_wwii b/smith/13_wwii new file mode 100644 index 0000000..300a59b --- /dev/null +++ b/smith/13_wwii @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +Strong isolationist sentiments +- FDR called "a spreading epidemic of national lawlessness" + - Fascist countries like Germany, Japan, Italy were taking land, + breaking int'l law + - Wanted to help out GB, FR to stave off war + - Fierce debate between isolationists and interventionists +Pearl Harbor ended the debate, involving the US in the World War. +- Unified the country, people rushing to enlist +- Huge government spending on Total War ended the Depression +End of the war created the Cold War betwen US and Soviet Union. + +The Rise of Fascism in Europe +- Fascism: dictator using propaganda and brute force seizes all parts of + civil life (press, etc) +- Expansionism in Japan based on "master race" ideas like Hitler's +- Took power over government that couldn't handle unemployment, + depression +- Mussolini: "El Juche," coined fascism + - Ordered political opponents murdered + - Believed Hitler to be agressive and mad +- Hitler uses nativist appeals to the masses, "German master race" + - "Democracy must be destroyed" -Hitler + - Similar political totalitarianism to Italy + - Book burning, tyrannical police state + +Japanese occupy China +- China fragmented by civil war between communists and nationalists + - Japanese proclaimed Manchuria independent + - Battles escalated into Sino-Japanese war + - Japanese captured capital, murdering and looting civilians +- Mussolini, similarly, was conquering Ethiopia + - League of Nations retaliated w/ economic sanctions +- Germany began rebuilding their military in violation of Versailles + - Put soldiers in the Rhineland + - Convinced Western democracies were cowards who wouldn't stop him +- Good Neighbor Policy wanted to avoid intervention internationally + - Nye Committee worried about "Merchants of Death," war profiteers + who pushed America into war + - FDR signed neutrality laws to avoid entry into the new war + - 1935 Act: Prohibited American manufacturers from selling to + belligerents + - Roosevelt unsure US should remain neutral + - Neutrality Act of 1937 allowed "cash and carry" sale of + non-military goods + +Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Alliance in 1937 +- Germany seizes Austria, puts up "Jews not wanted" signs + - No nation stepped up because Europe couldn't understand his + ambition, moves, and lunacy + - Germany used threat of war to steal the Sudetenland + - Britain and France appeased him with Czech territory + - 1938: French and GB prime ministers transferred it + - Munich Pact + - Germany was not satisfied and took the rest of Czechoslovakia + - Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact masks Hitler's intention to take + Ukraine + - Stalin made a Great Purge of political (including Communist + Party) enemies. + - Sovs and Germans split up Eastern Europe + - Millions of Poles arrested, enslaved, murdered + +Spring (after a 3mo wait) 1940: Germany begins attacking Denmark, +Norway, France + - Used Blitzkrieg strategy to stun opponents + - GB is left standing alone + - Churchill calls Allies a colossal military disaster + - Churchill evacuates >300K of other Allies' troops from Dunkirk + - Mussolini also declares war on France, GB + - Germans want to destroy Royal Air Force, deploying 2500 airplanes, + 2:1 ratio to GB + - Wanted Brits to defend Britain in their "finest hour" + - German bombers targeted British cities in night-raids "Blitz" + - Britain wins Battle of Britain; Germany switches focus back to Sov + - Churchill asked for any aid, specifically destroyers + - FDR gave "all aid short of war," destroyer battleships + - In exchange for mil bases in Brit. colonies + - Congress approved Selective Service Act of peacetime draft +- The War revitalized FDR + - Charles Lindbergh, America First leader, claimed Jews in America + pushed FDR to the brink of war + - That Britain was doomed and to join hands with Hitler + - "Disenfranchise the negro," +- Wilkie (pres opponent) opposed FDR believing he would intervene + - "Your boys will not go into any foreign wars" + - Lend-Lease Act surpassed Cash-Carry, allowing Roosevelt to sell + weapons for the defense of the United States +Escalations in the War +- German troops joined Italians in Libya +- Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria under control of Germany; ambition unbound +- Operation Barbarossa: Germany invaded Soviets to + - destroy communism, enslave the population, and take natural rsrcs + - Turning point of the war + - German forces surround Leningrad + - Winter set in, but Leningrad held out despite dying people + - Some German armies reach Moscow + - For isolationists, wanted to bleed the dictatorships to the death + - Keep Nazis fighting USSR to protect Britain + - US sends enough supplies to clothe every Russian soldier + - Stalin classified surrendering soldiers as traitors + - By late summer of 1941, US was no longer neutral + - With Churchill, Roosevelt drew up Atlantic Charter to promote + self-determination, economic cooperation, sea freedom, and UN + - Undeclared war in Atlantic told warships to protect convoys + across to Iceland + - Germany began to sink German warships + - 1940: US freezes all Japanese assets and embargoes + - Tripartite pact of Axis declared mutual protection against + any attack of any nation + - Japan needed oil, declared full control of French Indoch + - Time Magazine claimed restriction of oil exports was war + - Embargo purportedly because of Chinese occupation + - US and Japan realize attacks would happen. Japan secretly + sends out surprise battleship attack to Hawaii + - Failed because bombers ignored maintenance, oil tanks + - After Pearl Harbor, Congress authorizes war on Japan + - Hitler believed he couldn't lose the war + +- US attacks U-Boats, which had been a major strategic advantage + - Stalin insisted Brits and Americans attack Nazis to draw them + out of Russia. + - Instead, they attack strongholds in Eastern countries + - Treaty required defeat of Germany before Japan + - Roosevelt, first president to fly abroad or go to Africa during + pres, meets at Casablanca. + - Roosevelt and Churchill step up bombing campaign against Germ + - Increase supplies to Germany + - Attack Sicily + - Americans announce the war will only end on unconditional + surrender + - Germany defends Sicilian attack; maintains stalemate + - Jun 1944, US forces enter Rome. Allies took control of Italy + - Tehran developed United Nations + - Roosevelt had "grown to like Stalin"; Stalin bugged Roosevelt +- Dwight Eisenhower --- Supreme Allied Commander --- plans Operation + Overlord + - Very detail-oriented + - Huge gamble, most complex operation + - Amassed 5 million tons of military equipment + - 370K soldiers of 5K ships attacked Normandy + - Much drowning and capsizing, misdelivered boats, bodies pile up + - In 3 weeks, Allies had landed more than a million troops + - Small compared to Soviet offensive a few weeks later + - Killed, wounded, captured more German soldiers (350K) than + stationed in all of Western Europe a few weeks later + - D-Day was a turning point: final victory a matter of time + - Managed to surprise Germans; fooled them into thinking it was Lise + - Germany was teetering +- Yalta Declaration saved face for US,UK + - Soviet Army "liberated" Eastern Germany, Czech, others. Plundered + resources and rebuilded in the Union, imprisoning dissenters + - Yalta Conference agreed to UN meetings + - Roosevelt died before Germany surrendered +- Hitler married his mistress Eva Braun the day of surrender + - Mussolini and wife killed and hung + - Eva and Adolf bodies were burned after poison/bullet + - V- "Victory in Europe" Day + - Japan still ongoing and Europe needed rebuilding + +The Holocaust +- Systematic pogrom against Jews +- Not fully revealed until the end of the war + - Although stories were coming out in 1942 + - Ghastly stories were beyond belief until the Allies liberated. + - Eisenhower made sick by the Holocaust + - American anti-semitism was feared, so American Senators wouldn't + acknowledge Holocaust before it was undeniably revealed. |