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+Strong isolationist sentiments
+- FDR called "a spreading epidemic of national lawlessness"
+ - Fascist countries like Germany, Japan, Italy were taking land,
+ breaking int'l law
+ - Wanted to help out GB, FR to stave off war
+ - Fierce debate between isolationists and interventionists
+Pearl Harbor ended the debate, involving the US in the World War.
+- Unified the country, people rushing to enlist
+- Huge government spending on Total War ended the Depression
+End of the war created the Cold War betwen US and Soviet Union.
+
+The Rise of Fascism in Europe
+- Fascism: dictator using propaganda and brute force seizes all parts of
+ civil life (press, etc)
+- Expansionism in Japan based on "master race" ideas like Hitler's
+- Took power over government that couldn't handle unemployment,
+ depression
+- Mussolini: "El Juche," coined fascism
+ - Ordered political opponents murdered
+ - Believed Hitler to be agressive and mad
+- Hitler uses nativist appeals to the masses, "German master race"
+ - "Democracy must be destroyed" -Hitler
+ - Similar political totalitarianism to Italy
+ - Book burning, tyrannical police state
+
+Japanese occupy China
+- China fragmented by civil war between communists and nationalists
+ - Japanese proclaimed Manchuria independent
+ - Battles escalated into Sino-Japanese war
+ - Japanese captured capital, murdering and looting civilians
+- Mussolini, similarly, was conquering Ethiopia
+ - League of Nations retaliated w/ economic sanctions
+- Germany began rebuilding their military in violation of Versailles
+ - Put soldiers in the Rhineland
+ - Convinced Western democracies were cowards who wouldn't stop him
+- Good Neighbor Policy wanted to avoid intervention internationally
+ - Nye Committee worried about "Merchants of Death," war profiteers
+ who pushed America into war
+ - FDR signed neutrality laws to avoid entry into the new war
+ - 1935 Act: Prohibited American manufacturers from selling to
+ belligerents
+ - Roosevelt unsure US should remain neutral
+ - Neutrality Act of 1937 allowed "cash and carry" sale of
+ non-military goods
+
+Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Alliance in 1937
+- Germany seizes Austria, puts up "Jews not wanted" signs
+ - No nation stepped up because Europe couldn't understand his
+ ambition, moves, and lunacy
+ - Germany used threat of war to steal the Sudetenland
+ - Britain and France appeased him with Czech territory
+ - 1938: French and GB prime ministers transferred it
+ - Munich Pact
+ - Germany was not satisfied and took the rest of Czechoslovakia
+ - Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact masks Hitler's intention to take
+ Ukraine
+ - Stalin made a Great Purge of political (including Communist
+ Party) enemies.
+ - Sovs and Germans split up Eastern Europe
+ - Millions of Poles arrested, enslaved, murdered
+
+Spring (after a 3mo wait) 1940: Germany begins attacking Denmark,
+Norway, France
+ - Used Blitzkrieg strategy to stun opponents
+ - GB is left standing alone
+ - Churchill calls Allies a colossal military disaster
+ - Churchill evacuates >300K of other Allies' troops from Dunkirk
+ - Mussolini also declares war on France, GB
+ - Germans want to destroy Royal Air Force, deploying 2500 airplanes,
+ 2:1 ratio to GB
+ - Wanted Brits to defend Britain in their "finest hour"
+ - German bombers targeted British cities in night-raids "Blitz"
+ - Britain wins Battle of Britain; Germany switches focus back to Sov
+ - Churchill asked for any aid, specifically destroyers
+ - FDR gave "all aid short of war," destroyer battleships
+ - In exchange for mil bases in Brit. colonies
+ - Congress approved Selective Service Act of peacetime draft
+- The War revitalized FDR
+ - Charles Lindbergh, America First leader, claimed Jews in America
+ pushed FDR to the brink of war
+ - That Britain was doomed and to join hands with Hitler
+ - "Disenfranchise the negro,"
+- Wilkie (pres opponent) opposed FDR believing he would intervene
+ - "Your boys will not go into any foreign wars"
+ - Lend-Lease Act surpassed Cash-Carry, allowing Roosevelt to sell
+ weapons for the defense of the United States
+Escalations in the War
+- German troops joined Italians in Libya
+- Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria under control of Germany; ambition unbound
+- Operation Barbarossa: Germany invaded Soviets to
+ - destroy communism, enslave the population, and take natural rsrcs
+ - Turning point of the war
+ - German forces surround Leningrad
+ - Winter set in, but Leningrad held out despite dying people
+ - Some German armies reach Moscow
+ - For isolationists, wanted to bleed the dictatorships to the death
+ - Keep Nazis fighting USSR to protect Britain
+ - US sends enough supplies to clothe every Russian soldier
+ - Stalin classified surrendering soldiers as traitors
+ - By late summer of 1941, US was no longer neutral
+ - With Churchill, Roosevelt drew up Atlantic Charter to promote
+ self-determination, economic cooperation, sea freedom, and UN
+ - Undeclared war in Atlantic told warships to protect convoys
+ across to Iceland
+ - Germany began to sink German warships
+ - 1940: US freezes all Japanese assets and embargoes
+ - Tripartite pact of Axis declared mutual protection against
+ any attack of any nation
+ - Japan needed oil, declared full control of French Indoch
+ - Time Magazine claimed restriction of oil exports was war
+ - Embargo purportedly because of Chinese occupation
+ - US and Japan realize attacks would happen. Japan secretly
+ sends out surprise battleship attack to Hawaii
+ - Failed because bombers ignored maintenance, oil tanks
+ - After Pearl Harbor, Congress authorizes war on Japan
+ - Hitler believed he couldn't lose the war
+
+- US attacks U-Boats, which had been a major strategic advantage
+ - Stalin insisted Brits and Americans attack Nazis to draw them
+ out of Russia.
+ - Instead, they attack strongholds in Eastern countries
+ - Treaty required defeat of Germany before Japan
+ - Roosevelt, first president to fly abroad or go to Africa during
+ pres, meets at Casablanca.
+ - Roosevelt and Churchill step up bombing campaign against Germ
+ - Increase supplies to Germany
+ - Attack Sicily
+ - Americans announce the war will only end on unconditional
+ surrender
+ - Germany defends Sicilian attack; maintains stalemate
+ - Jun 1944, US forces enter Rome. Allies took control of Italy
+ - Tehran developed United Nations
+ - Roosevelt had "grown to like Stalin"; Stalin bugged Roosevelt
+- Dwight Eisenhower --- Supreme Allied Commander --- plans Operation
+ Overlord
+ - Very detail-oriented
+ - Huge gamble, most complex operation
+ - Amassed 5 million tons of military equipment
+ - 370K soldiers of 5K ships attacked Normandy
+ - Much drowning and capsizing, misdelivered boats, bodies pile up
+ - In 3 weeks, Allies had landed more than a million troops
+ - Small compared to Soviet offensive a few weeks later
+ - Killed, wounded, captured more German soldiers (350K) than
+ stationed in all of Western Europe a few weeks later
+ - D-Day was a turning point: final victory a matter of time
+ - Managed to surprise Germans; fooled them into thinking it was Lise
+ - Germany was teetering
+- Yalta Declaration saved face for US,UK
+ - Soviet Army "liberated" Eastern Germany, Czech, others. Plundered
+ resources and rebuilded in the Union, imprisoning dissenters
+ - Yalta Conference agreed to UN meetings
+ - Roosevelt died before Germany surrendered
+- Hitler married his mistress Eva Braun the day of surrender
+ - Mussolini and wife killed and hung
+ - Eva and Adolf bodies were burned after poison/bullet
+ - V- "Victory in Europe" Day
+ - Japan still ongoing and Europe needed rebuilding
+
+The Holocaust
+- Systematic pogrom against Jews
+- Not fully revealed until the end of the war
+ - Although stories were coming out in 1942
+ - Ghastly stories were beyond belief until the Allies liberated.
+ - Eisenhower made sick by the Holocaust
+ - American anti-semitism was feared, so American Senators wouldn't
+ acknowledge Holocaust before it was undeniably revealed.