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Diffstat (limited to 'wroblewski-world')
| -rw-r--r-- | wroblewski-world/outlines/unit2.tex | 64 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | wroblewski-world/outlines/unit3.tex | 98 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | wroblewski-world/outlines/unit4.tex | 87 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | wroblewski-world/revolution-notes | 62 |
4 files changed, 311 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/wroblewski-world/outlines/unit2.tex b/wroblewski-world/outlines/unit2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8b4cd38 --- /dev/null +++ b/wroblewski-world/outlines/unit2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +\input mla8.tex +\baselineskip=15pt +\emergencystretch=.15in + +\numberfirstpage +\clas{AP World} +\name{Holden} \last{Rohrer} +\prof{Wroblewski} +\header +\title{AP World Overview for Unit 2 (1200--1450)} +\def\pre#1{\par\leavevmode\llap{\hbox to \parindent{\hfil #1 \hfil}}} + +\def\alph#1{\ifcase#1 + \or a\or b\or c\or d\or e\or f\or g\or h\or i% + \or j\or k\or l\or m\or n\or o\or p\or q\or r% + \or s\or t\or u\or v\or w\or x\or y\or z +\fi +} + + +\newcount\thesection \thesection=0% +\newcount\thessection \thessection=0% +\newcount\thesssection \thesssection=0% +\newcount\thessssection \thessssection=0% + +\def\section#1;;{\advance\thesection by 1{{\pre{\number\thesection.} #1.}\par}\thessection=0} +\def\ssection#1;;{\advance\thessection by 1{\advance\leftskip by .5in{\pre{\alph\thessection.} #1.}\par}\thesssection=0} +\def\sssection#1;;{\advance\thesssection by 1{\advance\leftskip by 1in{\pre{\romannumeral\the\thesssection.} #1.}\par}\thessssection=0} +\def\ssssection#1;;{\advance\thessssection by 1{\advance\leftskip by 1.5in{\pre{\number\thessssection.} #1.}\par}} + +\section Asia;; + \ssection Silk Roads---A long-lasting series of trade networks which connected disparate parts of Asia, including China, Russia, the Middle East, and some of North Africa and Western Europe;; + \sssection Mongol Backing (Governance)---The Mongols, in this time period, used the threat of violence to keep the network safe across their vast empire. Trade thrived because of it;; + \sssection Caravanserai (Culture and Social Interaction)---To support the segmented journey across the Silk Road network, Caravanserai and trading cities like Samar\-kand were created as waypoints for merchants. This helped spread culture and religion across the region, along with some Mongol institutions like forcing immigration of useful workers like artists;; + \sssection Monetary Systems---The Silk Road encouraged increased industrial productivity, especially luxury goods like fine china (porcelain), wine, or metals;; + \sssection Cultural---The Mongols certainly had an impact on the cultural landscape because they struck fear in the hearts of many with the number of deaths under their belt;; + \sssection Environment---Because of Silk Roads and other trading routes across the world, crops and disease spread readily with culture and wealth. Rice, for example, spread in a number of varieties across Asia, bananas in Africa, and citrus in the Mediterranean. Disease traveled less deliberately, hitchiking with or on merchants instead of a comfort brought by diasporic communities or other mercantile distribution;; + \ssection After-Effects of the Mongol Empire;; + \sssection Governmental/State---After the Mongol Empire broke up (internal division after Genghis Khan's death), individual Khanates ruled by individual emperors took its place, which didn't affect most peasants or the Silk Road because it remained maintained. The division had long-lasting effects because the cultural and national borders solidified in modern day nations such as Russia and China (from the Golden Horde and Yuan);; + \ssection Indian Ocean Trade: The Silk Road's maritime analogue;; + \sssection Economic Growth---Coastal trade cities began to be established across the Indian Ocean. These include Gujarat in India, the Swahili Coast City-States and a myriad of Indonesian islands. These provided new goods like spice and broadened the reach of Arabian or Chinese goods;; + \sssection Technology---Sailing required navigation, which required navigational technology and incentivized specialized ships. For use in the trade of bulk goods or other large payloads, junks (large, flat-bottomed ships) were invented, significantly decreasing the cost of overseas shipping, specifically for the working class;; + \ssssection Compass---A navigational technology that helps sailors orient themselves in the sea and thus made trade faster (and safer, because piracy was less viable if merchants could be on the open ocean for the majority of the journey);; + \ssssection Lateen Sail---a triangular sail developed specifically for the Indian Ocean which was more effective due to its manoeuverability: it could absorb wind from many more directions than a square sail but had less power, improving the speed of merchants' travels;; + \ssssection Dhow---The ship that uses lateen sails. Mostly used by Arabs to transport goods faster than the bulkier junks;; + \ssssection Astrolabe---A navigational device that uses celestial bodies' angles to determine location. Allowed, with the compass, sailors to sail away from the coast;; + \sssection Environment---the Indian Ocean had winds (monsoons) which provided regularity for merchants/sailors to travel between India and Africa, for example;; + \sssection Culture---Because goods and people could travel easily, religion and ideas did too. Muslim traders formed ``diasporic communities'' (nonnative family groups) across the region, spreading their religion and establishing trade relations with locals, especially in Africa. This also occurred with Chinese merchants in SEA;; + \sssection Zheng He---A sailor who recorded his journeys and established Chinese maritime presence, in the form of contracts and diplomacy throughout the Indian Ocean. China's expansion in this way was not unusual;; +\section Europe;; + \ssection The Mongols and the Silk Road;; + \sssection Even though the Europeans went unconquered, the Mongols still affected their technological growth: Europeans started to acquire Islamic medical or scientific knowledge/practices (including number systems and the scientific method), especially towards the end of the century when the Renaissance started to build due to increased interconnectedness;; + \sssection Black Plague---Europe was ravaged by the Black Plague, which spread due to the interconnectedness of the Silk Road; what would have been relatively isolated in previous eras infected the elite and peasants alike spread by merchants walking between well-populated trade cities;; +\section Africa;; + \ssection Trade Routes---Goods like gold, salt, or nuts connected Sub-Saharan Africa to Northern Africa and the broader trading landscape;; + \sssection Technology---New Camel Saddles built for carrying heavier loads became available due to the weight of the material goods which were being trafficked;; + \sssection Governance of the Economies---Empires which owned/administered these resources (like gold in Mali) took advantage of it to expand their own influence in their portion of the African continent;; +\section Cultural Developments;; + \ssection Recorded History and Travelers---more is known about this era of history and its specific cultural/economic changes because recordings were much more prevalent, such as those by Ibn Battuta or Marco Polo;; + \ssection Religious Diffusion;; + \sssection Islam spread across Africa and parts of Asia because Muslim merchants played a major role in Indian Ocean and Trans-Saharan Africa trade, meaning that more favorable deals could be obtained by pandering to them;; + \ssection Hinduism and Buddhism in SEA---the trade connections between India (a traditionally Hindu region which often maintained a Buddhist minority) and Indonesia were facilitated by this spread of religion between those regions;; + +\bye diff --git a/wroblewski-world/outlines/unit3.tex b/wroblewski-world/outlines/unit3.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..520af87 --- /dev/null +++ b/wroblewski-world/outlines/unit3.tex @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +\input mla8.tex +\baselineskip=15pt +\emergencystretch=.15in + +\numberfirstpage +\clas{AP World} +\name{Holden} \last{Rohrer} +\prof{Wroblewski} +\header +\title{AP World Overview for Unit 3 (1450-1750)} +\def\pre#1{\par\leavevmode\llap{\hbox to \parindent{\hfil #1 \hfil}}} + +\def\alph#1{\ifcase#1 + \or a\or b\or c\or d\or e\or f\or g\or h\or i% + \or j\or k\or l\or m\or n\or o\or p\or q\or r% + \or s\or t\or u\or v\or w\or x\or y\or z +\fi +} + + +\newcount\thept \thept=0% +\newcount\theptt \theptt=0% +\newcount\thepttt \thepttt=0% +\newcount\theptttt \theptttt=0% + +\def\pt#1;;{\advance\thept by 1{{\pre{\number\thept.} #1.}\par}\theptt=0} +\def\ptt#1;;{\advance\theptt by 1{\advance\leftskip by \parindent{\pre{\alph\theptt.} #1.}\par}\thepttt=0} +\def\pttt#1;;{\advance\thepttt by 1{\advance\leftskip by 2\parindent{\pre{\romannumeral\thepttt.} #1.}\par}\theptttt=0} +\def\ptttt#1;;{\advance\theptttt by 1{\advance\leftskip by 3\parindent{\pre{\number\theptttt.} #1.}\par}} + +\pt Ottoman Empire;; + \ptt Janissaries---Christian slave infantry;; + \pttt Government---Janissaries worked administration;; + \ptttt Carried guns and administered much of Ottoman empire during devshirme;; + \pttt Expansion;; + \ptttt Janissaries expanded the Ottoman empire because they were able to precisely manage more land and their population grew as territory grew;; + \ptttt Early in its growth, emperors captured large landholds around Mediterranean and developed trade relations with Asia, conquered Constantinople;; + \ptttt Devshirme---a levy on Christian households to supply young male soldiers to Ottoman Empire with promise of government positions for the top $10\%$ and military or infantry service for other Janissaries (infantry);; + \ptt Decline (1700);; + \pttt Culture;; + \ptttt pro-Europe alignment of local officials and increasingly disconnected elite fostered rebellions;; + \pttt Government;; + \ptttt Ex-cavalry, becoming inferior to powerful Jannisary class, threatened central Ottoman rule, and power vaccuum filled with paramilitaries like mamluks;; + \ptttt Tax Farming---outsourcing taxation to private land-leasers/-owners upon their lands decentralized the empire (like feudalism);; + +\pt Safavid Empire---precursor to modern Iran;; + \ptt Foundation and Expansion;; + \pttt Culture/Religion;; + \ptttt Created by Shah Ismail to be strictly Shiite Muslim. The concentrated religious minority promoted continuity of Shiite cohesion;; + \ptttt Ottoman empire had sparse, decohesive government over subordinate majorities (like Arabs in Middle East), which weakened their stake and increased vulnerability;; + \ptt Interactions;; + \pttt Ottoman--Safavid Conflict;; + \ptttt Religious divide between Shiite Safavid and Shia Ottomans reduced area of Empire, stabilizing it;; + \ptttt Religious divide continues in modern-day Sunni--Shia (Saudi Arabia and Iran) conflict;; + +\pt Qing Dynasty;; + \ptt Government;; + \pttt Composition;; + \ptttt Manchu are ruling minority over ethnic Chinese minority;; + \ptttt Manchu are insufficient to staff the entire government, so they become generals and the emperor;; + \ptttt Remaining positions are sparse and staffed by ethnic Chinese, which contributed to its decline in later years;; + \pttt Cultural Interactions;; + \ptttt Adopted Chinese customs to stabilize rule but Manchus maintained their position as ruling and military class with ethnic Chinese workers;; + \ptt Economics;; + \pttt Tea and International Relations;; + \ptttt Tea---a continuously important export for China, especially under the Qing Dynasty;; + \ptttt Tea Exports---central Asia, SEA, and Europe;; + \ptttt Tea and Europe---Caused trade surplus with Europe/EIC, limiting European influence on China (economic and cultural);; + \pttt Predecessors and Conquest;; + \ptttt Ming China was weakened by climate change, economic vulnerability to Europe, and unification of external enemies;; + \ptttt Ming Dynasty sought aid from Manchu (Qing) conquerors who promptly instated themselves as rulers and conquered local parts of China, using their military strength to recommand the collapsing Manchu Dynastic claims;; +\pt Mughal Empire;; + \ptt Governance and Culture;; + \pttt Compoistion;; + \ptttt Indian Empire ruled by Muslim minority over Hindus. Similar to Qing and Ottoman that it is composed of a ruling minority and subjugated majority;; + \ptttt Sikhism---Islamic-Hindu syncretism preaching guru worship and equality. Became major religion in Mughal Empire, and militant Orthodox Sikhism develops after execution of guru;; + %\pttt Economics;; + %\ptttt Significant foreign trade and maintenance of peace + \pttt Military;; + \ptttt Strong military provided conditions for schism, but fast downfall was brought on by Hindu-driven conflict and external pressure;; + \ptttt Gunpowder---Aided Mughal expansion with cannons and muskets, especially in the Battle of Panipat;; + +\pt Europe;; + \ptt Religion and Culture;; + \pttt Christianity;; + \ptttt Protestant Reformation----Martin Luther creates sect of Christianity responding to Church fragmentation (multiple popes), corruption (money ``buys'' sins), and indulgency (clergy have luxuries). Elaborates in {\it 95 Theses};; + \ptttt Catholic Reformation---Response to Protestants, Catholics implement new policies to limit internal corruption and indulgence like exclusive use of Latin bibles and ``salvation from good works'';; + \ptttt Ultimately fortifies Christian leadership and the majority of Europe as a result of changes;; + \ptt Governance through Courts;; + \pttt Louis XIV;; + \ptttt In Versailles, he closely monitored nobles, churches, and the bourgeoisie by requiring the aristocracy to ingratiate themselves to him;; + \ptttt Ensured that ``legislation'' (especially over trade practice and the church) he required would be enforced strictly because aristocrats' policies were tightly coupled with his;; + \pttt Peter the Great---Russian Tsar who modernized Russia;; + \ptttt By importing Western European influences for the aristocracy, specifically in the form of the French language and lavish party culture, using it as a method to adopt Western technology;; + \ptttt Moving the capital to Moscow;; + \ptttt Securing ports with military influence;; + +\bye diff --git a/wroblewski-world/outlines/unit4.tex b/wroblewski-world/outlines/unit4.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d5c4c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/wroblewski-world/outlines/unit4.tex @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +\input mla8.tex +\baselineskip=15pt +\emergencystretch=.15in + +\numberfirstpage +\clas{AP World} +\name{Holden} \last{Rohrer} +\prof{Wroblewski} +\header +\title{AP World Overview for Unit 4 (1200--1450)} +\def\pre#1{\par\leavevmode\llap{\hbox to \parindent{\hfil #1 \hfil}}} + +\def\alph#1{\ifcase#1 + \or a\or b\or c\or d\or e\or f\or g\or h\or i% + \or j\or k\or l\or m\or n\or o\or p\or q\or r% + \or s\or t\or u\or v\or w\or x\or y\or z +\fi +} + + +\newcount\thesection \thesection=0% +\newcount\thessection \thessection=0% +\newcount\thesssection \thesssection=0% +\newcount\thessssection \thessssection=0% + +\def\section#1;;{\advance\thesection by 1{{\pre{\number\thesection.} #1.}\par}\thessection=0} +\def\ssection#1;;{\advance\thessection by 1{\advance\leftskip by .5in{\pre{\alph\thessection.} #1.}\par}\thesssection=0} +\def\sssection#1;;{\advance\thesssection by 1{\advance\leftskip by 1in{\pre{\romannumeral\the\thesssection.} #1.}\par}\thessssection=0} +\def\ssssection#1;;{\advance\thessssection by 1{\advance\leftskip by 1.5in{\pre{\number\thessssection.} #1.}\par}} + +\section Europe;; + \ssection Culture;; + \sssection The Renaissance---A shift in European culture towards scholarly and secular pursuits;; + \ssssection Painting---Art became more expressive and new media were explored, like oil painting, because painters were funded by wealthy merchant painters instead of religious elite;; + \ssssection Humanists---Scholars of the humanities (writers, painters, historians). Revived Greco-Roman style and Latin, which modernized Europe by import of Arab scientific and medical texts;; + \ssssection Printing Press (Tech)---With new translations came the necessity to transmit them; innovations on Chinese methods rapidly expanded book supply and literacy;; + \ssection Economic Expansion;; + \sssection Exploration---To establish trade routes and farming outposts (cash crops like sugar and spice), Europeans explored Indian Ocean, African, and American regions;; + \ssssection Prince Henry the Navigator---Portuguese noble who completed and encouraged voyages to Africa for gold trade and discovery of trade routes, representing early development of merchant class;; + \ssssection Trading-Post Empires---Spain and Portugal are the largest in this category of nations which formed global trade relations used to generate wealth;; + \sssection Trade;; + \ssssection Middle Passage---Slave component of New--Old World trade. High mortality, but highly profitable because colonial sugar plantations directly refunded costs;; + \ssssection Mercantilism---European national policies in $16^{\rm th}$ to $18^{\rm th}$ centuries to exclusive trade rights in colonies and promotion of merchants;; + \ssection Christian Missionary Culture;; + \sssection Portuguese and Spanish---Both empires attempted to convert native groups to Christianity in West Africa, East Africa (Ethiopia), across the Indian Ocean, and especially the Americas. Colonialism only helped cement these relations, with permanent outposts to support missionaries;; + \ssection Columbian Exchange (Environment);; + \sssection Crops---Import of potatoes and tubers (cassava) spiked due to their efficiency and easy obfuscation from tax collectors;; + \sssection Importance of Colonialism---The exploitation of native wealth stores (like Inca gold \& silver repositories) and slave trade encouraged populations to migrate (voluntarily or involuntarily) towards the New World.;; + \sssection Economics---Created new mercantile systems from colonialism; Europeans focused more on outward growth instead of goods development;; + \ssection Technology;; + \sssection Ship Designs;; + \ssssection Caravel---A small ship which can have lateen sails used by Portuguese traders to transport goods more rapidly than bulky junks built for highly regular monsoons;; + +\section Americas;; + \ssection Culture;; + \sssection Colonial Culture;; + \ssssection Plantocracy---The control of planters and plantations in the Carib\-bean, and across the Americas was massive because economies of scale rewarded large land and slaveholdings, creating wealth inequality;; + \ssssection Racial Hierarchies---The Casta system in New Spain demonstrates a will by colonizers to oppress locals (anyone but Spanish from Spain were inferior, including Creoles---Spanish born in America);; + \ssection Environment;; + \sssection Columbian Exchange;; + \ssssection Deforestation---Environmental damage was great because loose European livestock decimated grasses across N. America and settlers' towns and farming/pastures took up the rest;; + \ssssection Disease---Smallpox and its compatriots are one of the most notable effects of the merger of Eastern and Western hemispheres: millions of Amerindians died to the diseases;; + \ssssection Cash Crops and Oppression---Crops like tobacco and sugar were imported and colonists forced adoption of these. Created plantocracy;; + \ssssection Other Crops---Europeans and Africans incidentally imported gra\-ins, fruit trees, and rice during their colonization. These spread somewhat to natives but moreso developed on the continent;; + \ssssection Animals---Natives took advantage of horses brought by Europeans to the New World, and other livestock for farming;; + \ssssection Ideas---European technology and knowledge spread to natives either directly through trade like the fur trade or by close living quarters;; + \sssection Economics;; + \ssssection Joint-stock Companies---A European innovation to finance mercantile exploits, the Dutch especially used combined private and public investment to fund exploration and foundation of colonies to maintain valuable trade goods in America (e.g. exclusive agreements with colonies restricted Dutch from trading with English colonies);; + \ssection Rebellion---Revolts like the Pueblos under the Spanish were common resistance to colonialism; they drove out the Spanish with unprecedented coordination and cooperation but were unable to stifle their rule for long, Spaniards returning only 14 years later to reinstate their rule, albeit with less religious persecution;; + +\section Africa;; + \ssection Slave Trade;; + \sssection Economics---Coming from West Africa and specifically the Congo, slave trade was built on cultural foundation, but often economically ``coerced'' because kings could not prevent kidnappings necessary to sustain it;; + \sssection Demographics---Male population decreased significantly in Africa as they were preferred slaves. This restructured families to fit around the new proportions;; + \sssection Cultural Synthesis---In the Americas, slaves, Europeans, and natives formed new cultures when economically cooperating (like in the Castas);; + +\section Asia;; + \ssection Maritime Empires;; + \sssection Indian Ocean Trade;; + \ssssection Isolationism---China and Japan both cut themselves off from int'l (European) trade, seeing attempts to monopolize the region, especially from Portugal;; + \ssssection Continued Trade Networks---Existing trade states like Gujarat, Java, and Swahili continued to flourish even under Portuguese taxation and regulation of the sea;; + \ssssection Mercantilism's Impacts---The promotion of merchants' interests in the Indian Ocean and Atlantic trade meant competition between nations over trade routes (like with Muslims in the Indian Ocean);; + \ssection Culture and Social Hierarchy;; + \sssection Diversity;; + \ssssection Jews---Expelled from Spain and Portugal but found acceptance in Ottoman empire; Ottoman valued internal productivity more than Europe, which was reliant on trade. Therefore, Ottoman Empire had to accept more diversity;; + +\bye diff --git a/wroblewski-world/revolution-notes b/wroblewski-world/revolution-notes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7b5dc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/wroblewski-world/revolution-notes @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +# Revolutions during 1750-1900 (mostly 1776-1822) + +## Historical Context +- Americas revolution = democratic, enlightened + - Enlightenment ideas + - Fighting against oppression +- Haitian Revolution +- Latin American Independence Movements + +## Atlantic Revolutions +- Shared common ideas +- Atlantic basin = intellectual & cultural exchange +- Printing press +- "Human actions can improve systemic flaws" + +## American Revolution +- Launched Declaration of Independence in 1776 +- Made constitution in 1787 +- Hope to increase liberties + - Britain unfairly taxes colonies +- French government assists colonies + - Probable reason for winning +- Brits tried to replace self-government +- Salutary Neglect + +## French Revolution +- 1789-1815 +- Soldiers inspired +- King Louis XIV + - Absolute Monarch + - Creates Estates System + - 3 Estates: Clergy, nobility, and commoners (97-98%) + - Commoners taxed more than other estates combined +- National assembly of foreigners forms, claiming sole right to lawmaking + - Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen + - 1st, 2nd estate exclude 3rd. + - 3rd estate bands together in "Tennis Coourt Oath" + - Civil conflict much more radical than American (because led by commoners/middle class) + - Censored + - Storm Bastille to take weapons +- Reign of Terror + - Robespierre leads arrests and execution of nobility + - He too is guillotined. +- Napoleon Bonaparte + - Tames the revolution + - Founds army from commoners' nationalism + +## Haitian Revolution +- Saint Domingue + - Rich French Colony + - Mostly Slaves +- Toussaint Loverture, a former slave, runs the revolution + +## Latin American Independence Movements +- Decentralized, Plural +- Overthrowing racial hierarchy +- Against Spain, led by elite + - Bolivar's letter from Jamaica to Britain requests aid against France +- Class Division + - Oppressive Taxes +- Mexican Revolution by Hidalgo and Morelos (Priests) + - Have to unite social classes against elite despite many-tiered hierarchical divisions |