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+Woodrow Wilson - 1912, The Great War
+
+Atlantic Ocean allowed US to be isolationist, but
+- expanding world trade
+- US extranational interventions
+- Increasingly powerful navies
+Began to threaten US.
+
+First three years of Great War:
+- Wilson maintains neutrality
+- But supplying more food and supplies to GB & France
+- German submarine attacks American ship, provoking congress
+
+- Segregated army
+- African-Americans moved urban and north for jobs, racism reasons
+
+When war interrupted, Wilson shifted his focus from internal
+progressivism to int'l affairs. Believed God was calling him to shape
+the world landscape.
+
+Questions:
+What caused the Great War?
+Why did the US join the conflict?
+How did the adm of Pres. Wilson mobilize the war effort?
+How did Wilson promote his plans for a peaceful postwar world order?
+What were its consequences domestically and abroad?
+
+Great War
+- Wilson had a personally difficult time handling the war: his wife died
+- Causes (instabilities)
+    - Imperial competition
+    - Hypernationalism
+    - Ethnic hatred, racism
+    - Alliance system: Central, Allies
+        - Gets everyone involved
+- "Jingoism run mad"
+    - German system was dangerous to world order (recently organized)
+        - Powerful enough to challenge GB supremacy and attack old
+          enemies, France and Russia.
+    - Austro-Hungarian Empire: unstable combination of 11 ethnicities
+        - Wanted to oppress nearby Bosnia (Slavic)
+- Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian nationalist
+    - Wanted to go to war, even though ultimatums were resolved.
+        - Used Russian forces to provoke AH.
+- GB enters war at attack of Belgium.
+    - One of the five global empires
+- Charles Schwab, pres. of Bethlehem Steel, an arms merchant
+    - Secures order from GB for arms
+    - 8x revenues
+- British propaganda
+    - JP Morgan lent millions to GB.
+    - Helps get US involved "in thought and in deed"
+
+1894, Gen. Alfred von Schlieffen designed plan for Germany
+    - Defeat France in 4 weeks by taking Paris
+        - Go through Belgium
+    - Then, 2 weeks before Russia is prepared, attack
+    - Wanted to avoid two-front war
+    - By November, Germany, France in a war of attrition
+
+Trench Warfare
+- Cold, atrocious conditions: surrounded by dead bodies, starve, PTSD
+    - Modern Warfare: machine guns, tanks, submarines, tear gas + chem
+
+- U-Boats/Submarines by Germany around GB coast
+    - Germany dangerous to ships because GB flew false flags
+    - US/Wilson wanted to keep shipping to all combatants (neutrality)
+    - Lusitania attacked by Germany, killing 1260 people in May
+        - American newspapers denounced Germany
+        - Small group of Americans demand forceful response
+        - Wilson responds with only "a next sinking will be considered
+          act of aggression"
+
+    - Germany sinks *Arabic* ship with 2 Americans (also GB) in August
+    - ``Arabic Pledge'': Germany promises to end unrestricted submarines
+    - Mar 1916: Sussex (France) sunk with many American passengers
+    - May 1916: Germany agrees not to attack merchant & passenger ships
+      without warning
+        - This means that a German violation forces America
+        - Germany is starving GB population, and GB Germany.
+    - Interventionist v. Isolationist
+        - Interventionists mostly war profiteers in NE/midwest
+
+Jan 1917: Wilson's Congressional Speech
+    ``Covenant of Cooperative Peace'' (League of Nations
+    - Wants to end the war
+    - Peace without victory (no reparations)
+        - open diplomacy: no secret treaties or alliances
+        - freedom of the seas
+        - self-determination
+
+1917, Germany to unrestrict submarine use to block GB, FR supplies
+    - Germans deeply underestimated US force
+    - Zimmerman Telegram: secret German telegram asks Mexico to atk US
+        - Incensed American opinion
+        - America declares war, landing troops in Jun 1917
+    - Other motives
+        - British propaganda
+        - Wilsonian Idealism: use WWI to make the world safe for
+          democracy and avoid future conflict
+            - But the US needed to join the war for negotiation power
+        - Corporate monetary concerns
+
+Selective Service Act
+    - 18--45yo could be drafted
+    - 2m drafted and 2m volunteered
+    - 18th amendment (prohibition) passed in 1918 --- wartime motives
+        - Grain not to beer but to army
+        - Sober factory workers for industrialists
+        - Some moralistic concerns
+
+The Great War ended a sense of laissez-faire government
+    - National Railroad Administration coordinates companies, workers,
+      routes
+    - National War Labor Board improves labor conditions
+        - Equal wages for women "in wartime industries"
+        - Minimum wage
+        - Wants to keep the supply chain coming (total war)
+        - Ends after war
+    - Liberty/war bonds
+    - Espionage and Sedition Acts
+        - Espionage: don't interfere with recruitment or encourage
+          "disloyalty"
+            - Obstruction or aiding enemy is 20 years' jailtime
+            - Banned critical journals/magazines
+        - Sedition Act: prohibited abusive, profane, negative gov't
+          speech
+        - Anti-free speech militia worked illegally for Attorney General
+
+Committe on Public Information (CPI)
+    - Trying to sell the American people on Wilson's war effort
+    - Recruited people working in arts, advertising, media
+    - 4 minute men: 4 minute speechers on why the US fights, portray the
+      Germans as "blood-thirsty huns"
+
+NAWSA w/ Carrie Chapman Catt
+- Work inside the old system
+- Women are more virtuous so would improve the political culture
+- State-by-state strategy proves ineffective
+
+NWP w/ Alice Paul
+- More radical suffragists: inspired by British suffrage movement
+- Wanted federal suffrage amendment
+- Picketed the White House
+    - Arrested/imprisoned for obstructing traffic
+- Hunger strikes, willing to suffer for human rights
+    - Makes Woodrow Wilson look bad, so he begrudgingly supports in Fall
+      1918 as "a war measure"
+        - 19th amendment ratified in 1920
+
+America helps win the war
+- Mar 1918: Germans launch massive offensive in France
+- July 1918: Allies mobilize counter forces
+- Fall 1918: Meuse-Argonne Offensive
+    - Largest and bloodiest battle for the American Expedition Forces
+    - Allies have bigger numbers and win, pushing back German front
+- Armistice on Nov 11, 1918
+
+Wilson's 14 points: Working towards League of Nations
+Treate of Versailles
+- David Lloyd George -- Brit prime minister
+- Clemenceau -- France
+- Orlando -- Italian
+- Wilson, with an exclusively Dem party, attends negotiations
+    - Gets none of what he wants
+    - No disarmament
+    - No elimination of trade barriers
+    - No open diplomacy or peace w/o victory
+    - And couldn't join League of Nations because senate Repub blocked
+- Germany, Russia not in attendance
+    - Article 231, War Guilt Clause, requires $33BB German reparations
+        - Also military costs
+
+Longlasting results
+- American Military manpower accelerates
+- National Security State develops
+- Economic Change/profit: America #1 creditor nation (private financier)
+- Still internal conflict in America